Figure 1
Flow chart of study retrieval and selection.
Table 1
Description of included studies.
| AUTHOR (YEAR) | COUNTRY | CONDITION OR RISK FACTOR | OUTCOME EXTRACTED | STUDY SETTING | INTERVENTION | RECOMMENDATIONS ACCEPTED BY PHYSICIAN | METHOD OF COLLABORATION |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albsoul-Younes, 2011 | Jordan | Hypertension | Change in BP | Co-location- unclear | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen (noted patient medication history), adherence assessment, physical assessment. | 65 (101/161) | Verbal: face to face – unclear |
| Aguiar, 2018 | Brazil | Type 2 Diabetes | Change in BP, LDL, HbA1c | Separate | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment. | Not documented | Unclear |
| Amariles, 2012 | Spain | CVD | Change in BP, TC | Separate- unclear | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, physical assessment. | Not documented | Unclear |
| Anderegg, 2018 | United States of America | Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease | Change in BP | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, individualised care plan. | Not documented | Verbal or by electronic communication |
| Bogden, 1997 | United States of America | Hypercholesterolemia | Change in TC | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, physical assessment (were done but not clear if it was by pharmacist). | 90 (167/186) | Verbal: face to face – unclear |
| Bogden, 1998 | United States of America | Hypertension | Change in BP | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, physical assessment (were done but not clear if it was by pharmacist). | 93 (150/162) | Verbal: face to face – unclear |
| Borenstein, 2003 | United States of America | Hypertension | Change in BP | Separate | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment, physical assessment. | Not documented | Verbal: phone |
| Carter, 1997 | United States of America | Hypertension | Change in BP | Separate but in the same building | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment. (questioned about adherence), physical assessment. | Not documented | Verbal: mostly face to face but some over the phone (immediate) and written feedback too |
| Carter, 2008 | United States of America | Hypertension | Change in BP | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment, (some, not all allowed) independent prescribing, physical assessment. | 96 (256/267) | Verbal: face to face |
| Carter, 2009 | United States of America | Hypertension | Change in BP | Co-location | Assessing medication regimen, physical assessment. | 96 (742/771) | Verbal: face to face |
| Carter, 2015 | United States of America | Hypertension | Change in BP | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment, physical assessment. | Not documented | Mostly verbal: face to face, some written: email |
| Choe, 2005 | United States of America | Type 2 diabetes | Change in HbA1C | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, physical assessment (upon need). | Not documented | Verbal: face to face |
| Ebid, 2020 | Egypt | Type 2 Diabetes | Change in LDL, HDL, HbA1c, BMI | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, physical assessment, adherence assessment. | Not documented | Unclear |
| Fornos, 2006 | Spain | Type 2 diabetes | Change in BP, TC, LDL, HDL, TRIG, HbA1C, BMI | Separate | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, physical assessment, adherence assessment. | Not documented | Unclear |
| Geurts, 2016 | Netherlands | CVD | Change in BP, TC, LDL, HDL, HbA1C, BMI | Separate | Assessing medication regimen, physical assessment. | Not documented | Written: webbased pharmaceutical care plan tool |
| Hammad, 2011 | Jordan | Metabolic syndrome | Change in BP, HDL, TRIG, WEIGHT AND CM | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment (?), physical assessment. | 70 (128/182) | Verbal |
| Hirsch, 2014 | United States of America | Hypertension | Change in BP, LDL, HDL | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen (noted patient medication history) adherence assessment, physical assessment, independent prescribing. | Not documented | physician was always present in the medical practice during the pharmacist clinic visits and was available for consultation as needed. |
| Hunt, 2008 | United States of America | Hypertension | Change in BP | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment, physical assessment, independent prescribing. | Not documented | Written: emr (note documented and forwarded to PCP for approval and signature, verbal: face to face – not clarified (if needed) |
| McKenney, 1973 | United States of America | Hypertension | Change in BP | Separate | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment, physical assessment. | 100 (37/37) | written and verbal |
| Odegard, 2005 | United States of America | Type 2 diabetes | Change in HbA1C | Co-location | Patient education and counselling (?), assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment, physical assessment (?). | Not documented | EMR |
| Rothman, 2005 | United States of America | Type 2 diabetes (poorly controlled) | Change in BP, TC, HbA1C, WEIGHT | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, physical assessment, independent prescribing (with approval of PCP). | Not documented | Written (results shared and written approval for medication change) & verbal: face to face (could be in the consult with the physician) or phone (could call them for approval) |
| Scott, 2006 | United States of America | Type 2 diabetes | Change in BP, LDL, HDL, HbA1C, WEIGHT AND BMI | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment (?), physical assessment, independent prescribing (?). | Not documented | not specified |
| Siaw, 2017 | Singapore | Type 2 Diabetes | Change in BP, LDL, HbA1c, costs | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, physical assessment, optimising medication dosing and frequency. | Not documented | Written |
| Simpson, 2011 | Canada | Type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension | Change in BP, TC, LDL, HDL, TRIG, HbA1C, BMI | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment, physical assessment. | Not documented | Verbal |
| Sookaneknun, 2004 | Thailand | Hypertension | Change in BP | Separate | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment, physical assessment. | 47 (96/206) | Written: letter and medical record note |
| Tobari, 2010 | Japan | Hypertension | Change in BP, BMI, SMOKING CESSATION | Co-location | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen adherence assessment, physical assessment. | Not documented | EMR and verbal (if necessary): phone or face to face |
| Zillich, 2005 | United States of America | Uncontrolled hypertension | Change in BP | Separate | Patient education and counselling, assessing medication regimen, adherence assessment, physical assessment. | 75 (43/57) | Written: EMR and verbal: phone |
Figure 2
Random effects meta-analysis of the change in cardiovascular risk factors (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins) based on collaboration of general practitioner and pharmacist or usual care. a. Systolic blood pressure. b. Diastolic blood pressure. c. Total cholesterol. d. High density lipoproteins. e. Low density lipoproteins.
Figure 3
Contour enhanced funnel plot for random effects meta-analysis of the change in cardiovascular risk factors (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low density lipoproteins, high density lipoproteins) based on collaboration of general practitioner and pharmacist or usual care. a. Systolic blood pressure. b. Diastolic blood pressure. c. Total cholesterol. d. Low density lipoproteins. e. High density lipoproteins.