Figure 1
Care model for home measurement of blood pressure.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the participants.
| BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS | PATIENT SUPPORT GROUP | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| INTERVENTION N = 243 | CONTROL N = 167 | STD. DIFF | |
| Age, Mean ± SD | 57.3 ± 11.4 | 58.1 ± 11.7 | 0.1 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 30.5 | 31.1 | 0.0 |
| Female | 69.6 | 68.9 | |
| Employment | |||
| Employed | 58.0 | 52.7 | 0.1 |
| Unemployed | 42.0 | 47.3 | |
| Smoking | 1.2 | 4.2 | 0.2 |
| Alcohol use | 3.3 | 4.2 | 0.1 |
| Adequate diet | 63.8 | 59.9 | 0.1 |
| Medication adherence | 86.0 | 88.0 | 0.1 |
| Average days of physical activity in a week ± SD | 2.2 ± 2.2 | 2.3 ± 21.2 | 0.0 |
| Multimorbidity | |||
| Type 2 diabetes | 39.5 | 42.0 | 0.0 |
| Obesity | 43.7 | 39.9 | 0.1 |
| CVD | 16.7 | 9.1 | 0.2 |
| Arthritis | 6.6 | 7.0 | 0.0 |
| Asthma | 3.6 | 4.1 | 0.0 |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 3.6 | 2.1 | 0.1 |
| Tuberculosis | 3.0 | 1.7 | 0.1 |
| Cancer | 3.6 | 1.7 | 0.1 |
| Chronic neuromuscular disease | 2.4 | 1.2 | 0.1 |
| HIV/AIDS | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.1 |
| Ulcers | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 |
| Depression | 0.0 | 0.8 | – |
| Chronic liver disease | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.0 |
| Cataract | 0.0 | 0.4 | – |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 4.6 | 0.0 | – |
| Multimorbidity type | 0.1 | ||
| No multimorbidity | 26.8 | 25.2 | |
| Both concordant & discordant multimorbidity | 10.3 | 14.4 | |
| †Concordant multimorbidity | 57.6 | 55.7 | |
| ‡Discordant multimorbidity | 5.4 | 4.8 | |
| Systolic BP ± SD | 136.5 ± 19.2 | 139.0 ± 20.7 | 0.1 |
| Diastolic BP ± SD | 87.8 ± 12.7 | 89.5 ± 12.3 | 0.1 |
| BP Control | 46.9 | 45.5 | 0.0 |
[i] Notes: Data presented as column %, unless otherwise specified.
BP: blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; Std Diff: standardized difference.
Std Diff = Difference in means or proportions divided by standard error; imbalance defined as an absolute value greater than 0.2.
† Concordant multimorbidity refers to conditions with shared pathophysiology such as type 2 diabetes, CVD, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and chronic kidney disease.
‡ Discordant multimorbidity refers to conditions with unrelated pathophysiology such as asthma, arthritis, chronic neuromuscular disease, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, cancer, ulcers, depression, chronic liver disease and depression.
Table 2
Changes in lifestyle risk factors and BP by intervention arms.
| PEER SUPPORT GROUPS | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INTERVENTION (N = 243) | CONTROL (N = 167) | ||||||
| BASELINE | FOLLOW-UP | P VALUE* | BASELINE | FOLLOW-UP | P VALUE* | ||
| Adequate diet | |||||||
| Yes | 36.2 | 55.1 | <0.001 | 40.1 | 56.9 | <0.001 | |
| Smoking | |||||||
| Yes | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.65 | 4.2 | 0.0 | 0.01 | |
| Alcohol use | |||||||
| Yes | 3.3 | 6.2 | 0.05 | 4.2 | 7.8 | 0.08 | |
| Days of planned physical activity in a week, Mean ± SD | |||||||
| 2.2 ± 2.2 | 3.1 ± 2.5 | 0.00 | 2.3 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 2.4 | 0.07 | ||
| Medication adherence | |||||||
| Yes | 86.0 | 83.5 | 0.24 | 88.0 | 83.8 | 0.09 | |
| Frequency of self-measurement of BP | |||||||
| Never | 47.7 | 0.8 | <0.001 | 53.3 | 3.0 | <0.001 | |
| Daily | 5.4 | 32.9 | 4.2 | 28.1 | |||
| Weekly | 11.5 | 63.0 | 12.6 | 67.1 | |||
| Monthly | 35.4 | 3.3 | 29.9 | 1.8 | |||
| Systolic BP, Mean ± SD | |||||||
| 136.5 ± 19.2 | 133.0 ± 15.2 | 0.01 | 139.0 ± 20.7 | 138.8 ± 19.5 | 0.91 | ||
| Diastolic BP, Mean ± SD | |||||||
| 87.9 ± 11.7 | 85.8 ± 10.5 | 0.01 | 89.5 ± 12.3 | 87.0 ± 11.2 | 0.01 | ||
| BP control | |||||||
| Yes | 46.9 | 57.6 | 0.01 | 45.5 | 46.1 | 0.89 | |
[i] Notes: Data presented as column %, unless otherwise specified.
BP: blood pressure; SD: standard deviation.
* P-values for paired sample t-test for continuous variables, McNemar’s Chi-squared test, and marginal homogeneity test for categorical variables.
Figure 2
Effect of the intervention on blood pressure at follow-up assessment.
Figure 3
Predicted endline systolic blood pressure.