Table 1
Mortality and risk factors indicators, source, and year.
| INDICATOR | SOURCE | YEAR |
|---|---|---|
| Mortality | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | Global burden of disease | 1990–2019 |
| Stroke | Global burden of disease | 1990–2019 |
| All other CVDs | Global burden of disease | 1990–2019 |
| Risk factors | ||
| Diabetes | NCD risk factor collaboration | 1975–2014 |
| Raised blood pressure | NCD risk factor collaboration | 1975–2015 |
| Obesity | NCD risk factor collaboration | 1975–2016 |
| Lipids | NCD risk factor collaboration | 1975–2018 |
| Physical activity | Global burden of disease | 1990–2019 |
| Sodium intake | Global burden of disease | 1990–2019 |
| Alcohol consumption | Global burden of disease | 1990–2019 |
| Tobacco smoking | Global burden of disease | 1990–2019 |
| Ambient air pollution | Global burden of disease | 1990–2019 |
| Premature mortality (stroke) | NCD Countdown 2030 | 2015 |
Table 2
Policy indicators, source, and year.
| INDICATOR | SOURCE | YEAR |
|---|---|---|
| National tobacco control programmes | WHO Global Health Observatory | 2018 |
| Policy/strategy/action plan for CVD | WHO Global Health Observatory | 2021 |
| Operational Unit, Branch, or Dept. in Ministry of Health with responsibility for NCDs | WHO Global Health Observatory | 2021 |
| Guidelines/protocols/standards for the management of cardiovascular diseases | WHO Global Health Observatory | 2021 |
| Policy/strategy/action plan to reduce physical inactivity | WHO Global Health Observatory | 2021 |
| Policy/strategy/action plan to reduce unhealthy diet related to NCDs | WHO Global Health Observatory | 2021 |
| Policy/strategy/action plan to reduce the harmful use of alcohol | WHO Global Health Observatory | 2021 |
| Availability of ACE inhibitors, Aspirin (100 mg) and Beta blockers in the public health sector | WHO Global Health Observatory | 2021 |
[i] Note: Availability of ACE inhibitors, Aspirin (100 mg) and Beta blockers in the public health sector is a combination of the three indicators 1) availability of ACE inhibitors in the public health sector; 2) availability of Aspirin (100 mg) in the public health sector; 3) availability of Beta blockers in the public health sector. If all 3 available the overall score was set to 1 if one or more not available the overall score was set to 0.
Figure 1
Global trends in number of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, 1990–2019.
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2020. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare.
Figure 2
Global trends in age-standardised cardiovascular disease death rate (per 100,000 people), 1990–2019.
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2020. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare.
Figure 3
Regional trends in age-standardised cardiovascular disease death rate (per 100,000 people), 1990–2019.
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2020. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare.
Figure 4
Male-female difference in age-standardised cardiovascular disease death rate (per 100,000 people) in sub-Saharan Africa by country, 2019.
Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2020. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare.
Figure 5
Probability of dying (reported as a percentage) in 2015 between 30 years and 70 years of age from ischaemic heart disease by sex.
Note: Grey colour is used when no estimates were available (missing).
Source: NCD Countdown [3].
Figure 6
Comparative levels of risk factors by country and region.
Note (1): RF1 – Physical activity; RF2 – Sodium intake; RF3 – Alcohol consumption; RF4 – Tobacco smoking; RF5 – Obesity; RF6 – Raised Blood Pressure; RF7 – Diabetes; RF8 – Lipids; RF9 – Ambient air pollution.
Note (2): The figures display the global quintile into which each country falls for each risk factor.
Source: See Table 1.
Table 3
Proportion of countries spending at least 5% of GDP on health.
| REGION | % |
|---|---|
| High-income | 97 |
| Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia | 85 |
| Latin America and Caribbean | 71 |
| North Africa and Middle East | 53 |
| Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania | 50 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 45 |
| South Asia | 0 |
Figure 7
Age-standardised cardiovascular disease death rate (per 100,000 people), 2019, by current health expenditure (CHE) as share of national income (GDP).
Note: Each dot represents a country, coloured by region. The dashed line shows the negative linear association between CVD death rates and national health expenditure (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = –0.15, p = 0.052).
Sources: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2020. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare; World Health Organization, Global Health Expenditure Database. Available from https://apps.who.int/nha/database/Select/Indicators/en.
Figure 8
Age-standardised cardiovascular disease death rate (per 100,000 people), 2019, by out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure as share of current health expenditure (CHE).
Note: Each dot represents a country, coloured by region. The dashed line shows a positive association between CVD death rates and OOP health expenditure as a share of national health expenditure (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = 0.23, p = 0.002).
Sources: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington, 2020. Available from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare; World Health Organization, Global Health Expenditure Database. Available from https://apps.who.int/nha/database/Select/Indicators/en.
Figure 9
Number of key policies implemented to address cardiovascular diseases, by region (% of countries).
Sources: Global Health Observatory. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho.
Figure 10
Policy implementation per country.
Note: P1 – National tobacco control programmes; P2 – Action plan for CVDs; P3 – Operational Unit in Ministry of Health with responsibility for NCDs; P4 – Guidelines for the management of CVDs; P5 – Action plan to reduce physical inactivity; P6 – Action plan to reduce unhealthy diet related to NCDs; P7 – Action plan to reduce the harmful use of alcohol; P8 – Availability of CVD drugs (e.g., ACE inhibitors, aspirin, and Beta blockers) in the public health sector.
Sources: Global Health Observatory. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho.