Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting; HR, hazard ratio; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| OPIUM NON-USERS (n = 1,728) | OPIUM USERS (n = 297) | p-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year, mean ± SD | 59.3 ± 10.76 | 54.7 ± 9.21 | <0.001 |
| Female | 579 (33.5%) | 11 (3.7%) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.8 ± 4.30 | 26.4 ± 4.00 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 524 (30.3%) | 56 (18.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 910 (52.7%) | 111 (37.4%) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1094 (63.3%) | 169 (56.9%) | 0.035 |
| Family history of CAD | 327 (19.0%) | 53 (18.0%) | 0.690 |
| Cigarette smoker | 359 (20.8%) | 178 (59.9%) | <0.001 |
| eGFR < 60 ml/min | 382 (22.7%) | 39 (13.4%) | <0.001 |
| Left ventricular dysfunction | 167 (10.4%) | 36 (12.9%) | 0.205 |
| Prior MI | 847 (49.0%) | 174 (58.6%) | 0.002 |
| Prior PCI | 120 (6.9%) | 18 (6.1%) | 0.577 |
| Prior CABG | 90 (5.2%) | 15 (5.1%) | 0.910 |
| Stable angina | 554 (32.1%) | 80 (26.9%) | 0.079 |
| Number of involved vessels | 0.705 | ||
| SVD | 677 (39.2%) | 111 (37.4%) | |
| 2VD | 679 (39.3%) | 116 (39.1%) | |
| 3VD | 372 (21.5%) | 70 (23.6%) | |
| LAD territory involvement | 1111 (64.3%) | 167 (56.2%) | 0.008 |
| Drug-eluting stent | 1150 (66.6%) | 185 (62.3%) | 0.152 |
| ≥2 stents implantation | 461 (26.7%) | 69 (23.2%) | 0.212 |
[i] Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; SD, standard deviation; SVD, single vessel disease. Data is presented as mean ± SD for continuous and numbers (percentage) for categorical variables.
Figure 1
Flow diagram of the study population.
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
Table 2
10-year incidence rate of cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention, according to opium consumption status.
| OPIUM NON-USERS | OPIUM USERS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 10-YEAR INCIDENCE RATE | N (%) | 10-YEAR INCIDENCE RATE | |
| Primary outcomes | ||||
| All-cause mortality | 322 (18.6%) | 18.7 | 65 (21.9%) | 22.5 |
| MACCE | 600 (34.7%) | 39.1 | 118 (39.7%) | 46.4 |
| Secondary outcomes (MACCE components) | ||||
| All-cause death (as the first event) | 284 (16.4%) | 18.2 | 52 (17.5%) | 19.5 |
| Non-fatal myocardial infarction | 148 (8.6%) | 10.2 | 34 (11.4%) | 13.9 |
| Target lesion/vessel revascularization | 145 (8.4%) | 9.5 | 27 (9.1%) | 10.9 |
| Cerebrovascular events | 23 (1.3%) | 1.2 | 5 (1.7%) | 2.2 |
[i] Abbreviations: MACCE, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events; 10-year incidence rates are reported as number of events per 1000 person-years. MACCE is the composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, target lesion/vessel revascularization, or cerebrovascular events.
Table 3
Effect of opium consumption on long-term outcomes of patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention.
| CRUDE HR (95% CI) | p-VALUE | IPTW-HR (95% CI) | p-VALUE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcomes | ||||
| All-cause mortality | 1.202 (0.920–1.569) | 0.176 | 1.705 (1.125–2.585) | 0.012 |
| MACCE | 1.189 (0.976–1.449) | 0.085 | 1.578 (1.156–2.153) | 0.004 |
| Secondary outcomes (MACCE components) † | ||||
| All-cause death (as the first event) | 1.073 (0.801–1.439) | 0.634 | 1.441 (0.884–2.351) | 0.143 |
| Non-fatal myocardial infarction | 1.371 (0.944–1.991) | 0.097 | 1.731 (0.928–3.231) | 0.084 |
| Target lesion/vessel revascularization | 1.123 (0.746–1.690) | 0.575 | 1.114 (0.678–1.828) | 0.669 |
| Cerebrovascular events | 1.319 (0.501–3.466) | 0.574 | 2.539 (0.523–12.326) | 0.247 |
[i] Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting; MACCE, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events. MACCE is the composite of all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, target lesion/vessel revascularization, or cerebrovascular events. † IPTW-SHRs for the individual components of MACCE were calculated in a competing risk setting.
Figure 2
Adjusted cumulative hazard of all-cause mortality (A) and major adverse cardio-cerebrovascular events (B) in patients with and without opium consumption.