Prevalence and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults along the Lancang-Mekong River: a cross-sectional study from low- and middle-income countries

Min Ma; Liping He; Huadan Wang; Mingjing Tang; Da Zhu; Labee Sikanha; Sokha Darapiseth; Jiang Lu; Yu Xia; Zhongjie Wang; Xia Wu; Qiuyan Zhu; Lin Duo; Xiangbin Pan; Linhong Pang

doi:10.5334/gh.1319

Prevalence and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults along the Lancang-Mekong River: a cross-sectional study from low- and middle-income countries

Volume 19 (2024): Issue 1

By: Min Ma , Liping He , Huadan Wang , Mingjing Tang , Da Zhu , Labee Sikanha, Sokha Darapiseth, Jiang Lu, Yu Xia , Zhongjie Wang , Xia Wu, Qiuyan Zhu, Lin Duo , Xiangbin Pan and Linhong Pang

Open Access

|Apr 2024

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Demographic characteristics of the sample population from China, Laos, and Cambodia along the Lancang-Mekong River (N, %).

	PARTICIPANTS, N. (%)
	TOTAL	CHINA	LAOS	CAMBODIA	P VALUE
Total	11005	8859 (80.5)	1039 (9.4)	1107 (10.1)	NA
Sex
Women	5863 (53.3)	4476 (50.5)	688 (66.2)	699 (63.1)	<0.001
Men	5142 (46.7)	4383 (49.5)	351 (33.8)	408 (36.9)
Age group, y
18–34	3610 (32.8)	3094 (34.9)	290 (27.9)	226 (20.4)	<0.001
35–44	2309 (20.9)	1738 (19.6)	189 (18.2)	382 (34.5)
45–54	1965 (17.8)	1532 (17.3)	206 (19.8)	227 (20.5)
55–64	1366 (12.4)	1025 (11.6)	170 (16.4)	171 (15.4)
≥65	1755 (15.9)	1470 (16.6)	184 (17.7)	101 (9.1)
Ethnic group
Main ethnic group	6823 (61.9)	6190 (69.9)	92 (8.9)	541 (48.9)	<0.001
Ethnic group	4182 (38.0)	2669 (30.1)	947 (91.1)	566 (51.1)
Education
No education	1770 (16.0)	954 (10.8)	337 (32.4)	479 (43.3)	<0.001
Primary school	2742 (24.9)	1947 (22.0)	406 (39.1)	389 (35.1)
Junior high school and above	6493 (59.0)	5958 (67.3)	296 (28.5)	239 (21.6)
Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg
SBP	127 (20)	127 (20)	129 (25)	122 (16)	<0.001
DBP	80 (12)	80 (11)	81 (14)	78 (10)	<0.001
TC, mean (SD), mmol/L	4.59 (1.24)	4.68 (1.20)	4.00 (1.52)	4.44 (1.04)	<0.001
FBG, mean (SD), mmol/L	5.43 (1.89)	5.16 (1.52)	7.04 (3.23)	6.04 (1.91)	<0.001
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m²	23.53 (3.84)	23.89 (3.83)	22.36 (3.94)	21.91 (3.08)	<0.001

[i] Abbreviation: SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure.

Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in the three countries.

Cluster distribution of cardiovascular disease risk factors from the total sample of the three countries.

The cardiovascular disease clustering of risk factors in sex or age groups in China, Laos, and Cambodia.

Table 2

Multivariable logistic analysis of the clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in China, Laos, and Cambodia.

	NUMBER OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS, OR (95% CI)
	≥2			≥3			≥4
CHARACTERISTIC	CHINA	LAOS	CAMBODIA	CHINA	LAOS	CAMBODIA	CHINA	LAOS	CAMBODIA
Sex
Women	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Men	3.35 (3.03–3.70)^b	2.22 (1.53–3.21)^b	1.39 (1.02–1.90)^a	3.68 (3.33–4.08)^c	1.71 (1.28–2.28)^c	1.42 (1.10–1.84)^a	4.01 (3.52–4.56)^b	1.36 (1.00–1.84)^a	1.34 (1.01–1.80)^a
Age group
18–34	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
35–44	1.79 (1.58–2.03)^b	1.83 (1.20–2.79)^a	2.52 (1.73–3.66)^b	1.82 (1.58–2.09)^b	2.89 (1.93–4.31)^b	2.57 (1.80–3.68)^b	2.31 (1.91–2.79)^b	3.59 (2.07–6.24)^b	1.84 (1.18–2.88)^a
45–54	2.87 (2.48–3.32)^b	2.89 (1.84–4.54)^b	3.09 (1.97–4.86)^b	2.94 (2.54–3.40)^b	3.88 (2.56–5.87)^b	4.06 (2.72–0.06)^b	3.48 (2.88–4.21)^b	4.74 (2.79–8.06)^b	2.63 (1.64–4.21)^b
55–64	4.13 (3.44–4.95)^b	4.32 (2.49–7.47)^b	4.25 (2.51–7.20)^b	3.93 (3.33–4.63)^b	6.82 (4.35–10.70)^b	3.90 (2.54–5.98)^b	3.91 (3.18–4.81)^b	6.82 (3.99–11.66)^b	3.30 (2.02–5.39)^b
≥65	6.23 (5.09–7.63)^b	3.57 (2.14–5.96)^b	7.43 (3.56–15.51)^b	4.82 (4.08–5.70)^b	6.03 (3.87–9.41)^b	7.59 (4.38–13.15)^b	5.29 (4.32–6.47)^b	7.48 (4.41–12.69)^b	5.30 (3.08–9.15)^b
Ethnic group
Main ethnic group	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Ethnic group	1.14 (1.03–1.27)^a	0.92 (0.50–1.68)	2.56 (1.84–3.56)^b	1.16 (1.05–1.29)^a	0.63 (0.39–1.03)	1.92 (1.51–2.50)^b	1.03 (0.91–1.18)	0.76 (0.47–1.24)	1.75 (1.33–2.31)^b
Education
No education	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Primary school	0.60 (0.48–0.74)^b	1.21 (0.82–1.79)	1.67 (1.16–2.39)^a	0.67 (0.56–0.79)^b	1.45 (1.05–2.00)^a	1.08 (0.80–1.45)	0.74 (0.61–0.90)^b	1.18 (0.83–1.68)	0.98 (0.71–1.35)
Junior high school and above	0.45 (0.36–0.76)^b	1.16 (0.75–1.80)	1.61 (1.05–2.47)^a	0.48 (0.40–0.57)^b	1.30 (0.89–1.90)	1.14 (0.78–1.67)	0.54 (0.44–0.66)^b	1.19 (0.77–1.85)	0.83 (0.54–1.29)

[i] Abbreviation: ^aIndicates P < 0.05, ^bIndicates P < 0.001.

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1319 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179

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Language: English

Submitted on: Nov 27, 2023

Accepted on: Mar 20, 2024

Published on: Apr 17, 2024

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Cardiovascular disease risk factors,

Prevention,

Low and middle-income countries

© 2024 Min Ma, Liping He, Huadan Wang, Mingjing Tang, Da Zhu, Labee Sikanha, Sokha Darapiseth, Jiang Lu, Yu Xia, Zhongjie Wang, Xia Wu, Qiuyan Zhu, Lin Duo, Xiangbin Pan, Linhong Pang, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 19 (2024): Issue 1

Prevalence and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults along the Lancang-Mekong River: a cross-sectional study from low- and middle-income countries

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Table 2

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