Table 1
The detailed information on genome-wide summary association studies (GWAs) used in the Mendelian randomization (MR) study.
| GWAS ID | EXPOSURES OROUTCOME | CASE | CONTROL | SAMPLE SIZE | POPULATION |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ebi-a-GCST90014287 | DNA methylation-estimated granulocyte proportions | – | – | 34470 | European |
| ebi-a-GCST90014288 | DNA methylation GrimAge acceleration | – | – | European | |
| ebi-a-GCST90014289 | DNA methylation Hannum age acceleration | – | – | 34449 | European |
| ebi-a-GCST90014291 | DNA methylation-estimated plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels | – | – | 34448 | European |
| ebi-a-GCST90014292 | DNA methylation PhenoAge acceleration | – | – | 34463 | European |
| finn-b-I9_HYPTENS | Hypertension | 55917 | 162837 | 218754 | European |
| finn-b-I9_PULMHEART | Pulmonary heart disease | 4564 | 214228 | 218792 | European |
| finn-b-CARDIAC_ARRHYTM | Cardiac arrhythmias | 32416 | 139739 | 172155 | European |
| finn-b-I9_CARDMYO | Cardiomyopathy | 3,100 | 156,711 | 159811 | European |
| ieu-a-7 | Coronary heart disease | 60,801 | 123,504 | 184305 | European |
| finn-b-I9_HYPERTROCARDMYOP | Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 556 | 218,236 | 218792 | European |
| finn-b-I9_ISCHHEART | Ischemic heart diseases | 30,952 | 187,840 | 218792 | European |
| ieu-a-798 | Myocardial infarction | 43,676 | 128,199 | 171875 | European |
| finn-b-I9_NONISCHCARDMYOP | Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy | 11,400 | 175,752 | 187152 | European |
| finn-b-I9_VHD_EXNONE | Valvular heart disease | 38,209 | 180,583 | 218792 | European |
| ebi-a-GCST009541 | Heart failure | 47309 | 930014 | 977323 | European |
| ebi-a-GCST006414 | Atrial fibrillation | 60620 | 970216 | 1030836 | European |
Figure 1
Study design flowchart of the Mendelian randomization study.
The Mendelian randomization method is based on three hypotheses: 1. The instrumental variables is closely related to exposure. 2. Instrumental variables is independent of any confounding factor. 3. Instrumental variables affects the results only through exposure but not through other ways.
Figure 2
Results of MR analysis of the causal effect of each DNA methylation parameter on CVD.