Table 1
Clinic characteristics of the subjects.
| VARIABLES | NON-SARCOPENIA (n = 103) | SARCOPENIA (n = 71) | p VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 80.01 ± 5.31 | 81.47 ± 6.54 | 0.108 |
| Gender (male, %) | 54 (52.43) | 33 (46.48) | 0.441 |
| Height (cm) | 160 (155, 166) | 156 (150, 163) | 0.002 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.00 (23.20, 26.60) | 21.90 (19.60, 23.60) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 139.74 ± 16.53 | 134.76 ± 17.59 | 0.059 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 74.09 ± 10.66 | 74.39 ± 10.28 | 0.851 |
| Pulse (beats/min) | 73.43 ± 12.15 | 74.45 ± 12.06 | 0.584 |
| ADL | 95 (85, 100) | 95 (90, 100) | 0.908 |
| MNA-SF scores | 13 (13, 14) | 12 (11, 13) | <0.001 |
| Smoker (%) | 26 (25.24) | 21 (29.58) | 0.527 |
| Drinker (%) | 28 (27.18) | 17 (23.94) | 0.631 |
| Hypertension (%) | 87 (84.47) | 48 (67.61) | 0.009 |
| Diabetes (%) | 40 (38.83) | 25 (35.21) | 0.627 |
| WBC (109/L) | 5.74 (4.79, 6.50) | 5.49 (4.53, 6.81) | 0.949 |
| Hb (g/L) | 124.55 ± 15.64 | 120.16 ± 15.69 | 0.072 |
| PLT (109/L) | 177.00 (137.00, 217.00) | 188.00 (151.00, 230.00) | 0.186 |
| ALT (μ/L) | 14.50 (10.70, 17.50) | 13.80 (9.70, 20.30) | 0.818 |
| AST (μ/L) | 18.40 (15.90, 22.10) | 20.80 (16.90, 25.50) | 0.170 |
| Cr (μmol/L) | 73.10 (62.40, 92.80) | 71.70 (60.00, 101.50) | 0.560 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 341.67 ± 79.34 | 311.06 ± 91.66 | 0.021 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.60 (5.03, 6.20) | 5.70 (4.80, 6.40) | 0.631 |
| CRP (mmol/L) | 8.32 (2.68, 8.32) | 3.52 (2.13, 10.33) | 0.865 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.38 (0.90, 1.81) | 1.26 (0.84, 1.65) | 0.237 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.50 ± 0.79 | 2.44 ± 0.80 | 0.675 |
[i] Data are expressed as the means ± standard deviation for normally distributed data and median (interquartile range) for nonnormally distributed data. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic pressure; DBP, diastolic pressure; ADL, activities of daily living; WBC, white blood cell; Hb, hemoglobin; PLT, blood platelet count; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; Cr, creatinine; UA, uric acid; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; CRP, C-reactive protein; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Table 2
BIA and echocardiography parameters in the subjects.
| VARIABLES | NON-SARCOPENIA (n = 103) | SARCOPENIA (n = 71) | p VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 23.90 (20.50, 26.50) | 18.40 (16.50, 22.40) | <0.001 |
| Lean right arm (kg) | 2.24 ± 0.49 | 1.76 ± 0.46 | <0.001 |
| Lean left arm (kg) | 2.21 ± 0.47 | 1.74 ± 0.45 | <0.001 |
| Lean trunk (kg) | 19.30 (16.80, 21.60) | 15.60 (14.30, 18.80) | <0.001 |
| Lean right leg (kg) | 6.74 (5.71, 7.85) | 4.94 (4.25, 6.57) | <0.001 |
| Lean left leg (kg) | 6.77 (5.79, 7.73) | 5.04 (4.29, 6.57) | <0.001 |
| ALM (kg/m2) | 18.25 (15.28, 20.69) | 13.18 (11.43, 17.66) | <0.001 |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 7.10 (6.20, 7.70) | 5.60 (5.00, 6.60) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 82.30 (75.50, 89.20) | 76.80 (71.20, 83.80) | 0.001 |
| basal metabolic rate (KJ) | 1327.13 ± 146.25 | 1160.09 ± 143.87 | <0.001 |
| Percent Body Fat (%) | 30.80 (25.70, 36.80) | 30.50 (25.20, 35.00) | 0.545 |
| Handgrip (kg) | 24.04 ± 7.06 | 20.16 ± 6.64 | <0.001 |
| 5-time chair stand test (s) | 15.48 (11.77, 19.78) | 14.81 (12.09, 20.07) | 0.599 |
| LVD (mm) | 45.00 (43.00, 47.00) | 42.00 (40.00, 46.00) | <0.001 |
| LAD (mm) | 34.00 (30.00, 37.00) | 33.00 (29.00, 36.00) | 0.079 |
| RVD (mm) | 28.35 ± 2.50 | 27.81 ± 3.00 | 0.206 |
| RAD (mm) | 28.00 (26.00, 30.00) | 27.00 (26.00,30.00) | 0.699 |
| AO (mm) | 32.00 (30.00, 35.00) | 31.00 (28.00, 34.00) | 0.037 |
| PA (mm) | 21.00 (20.00, 22.00) | 20.00 (20.00, 22.00) | 0.004 |
| IVSD (mm) | 10.00 (9.00,11.00) | 9.5.00 (9.00, 10.00) | 0.002 |
| LVPWD (mm) | 10.00 (9.00, 11.00) | 9.00 (8.00, 10.00) | 0.002 |
| EF (%) | 62.00 (60.00, 63.00) | 62.00 (60.00, 63.00) | 0.482 |
| FS (%) | 33.00 (31.00, 34.00) | 32.00 (30.00, 34.00) | 0.097 |
| LVM (g) | 157.06 (132.74, 176.04) | 127.66 (109.69, 153.24) | <0.001 |
[i] Data are expressed as the means ± standard deviation for normally distributed data and median (interquartile range) for nonnormally distributed data. Abbreviations: ALM, appendicular lean mass; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; LVD, left ventricular diameter; LAD, left atrial diameter; RVD, right ventricular diameter; RAD, right atrial diameter; AO, aorta diameter; PA, pulmonary artery diameter; IVSD, interventricular septum diastolic thickness; LVPWD, left ventricular posterior wall diastolic thickness; EF, left ventricular ejection fraction; FS, left ventricular fractional; LVM, left ventricular mass.
Table 3
Comparison among non-sarcopenia and different extent of sarcopenia.
| VARIABLES | NON-SARCOPENIA (n = 103) | NON-SEVERE SARCOPENIA (n = 31) | SEVERE SARCOPENIA (n = 40) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 80.01 ± 5.31 | 79.81 ± 5.10 | 82.75 ± 7.27*# |
| Gender (male, %) | 54 (52.43) | 17 (54.84) | 16 (40.00) |
| Height (cm) | 160 (155, 166) | 158 (153, 165) | 154 (147, 162)* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.00 (23.20, 26.60) | 21.40 (20.10, 23.60)* | 22.00 (18.63, 23.05)* |
| MNA-SF scores | 13 (13, 14) | 12 (11, 14)* | 12 (10, 13)*# |
| Hypertension (%) | 87 (84.47) | 21 (67.74) | 27 (67.50)* |
| Total skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 23.75 ± 4.00 | 19.79 ± 3.76* | 18.85 ± 3.88* |
| Lean right arm (kg) | 2.24 ± 0.49 | 1.83 ± 0.43* | 1.72 ± 0.48* |
| Lean left arm (kg) | 2.21 ± 0.47 | 1.82 ± 0.43* | 1.68 ± 0.47* |
| Lean trunk (kg) | 19.23 ± 2.94 | 16.96 ± 2.74* | 15.90 ± 3.09* |
| Lean right leg (kg) | 6.74 (5.71, 7.85) | 5.98 (4.75, 6.93)* | 4.69 (4.06, 6.47)* |
| Lean left leg (kg) | 6.77 (5.79, 7.73) | 5.80 (4.66, 6.85)* | 4.63 (4.10, 6.46)* |
| ALM (kg/m2) | 18.25 (15.28, 20.69) | 16.03 (12.00, 18.06)* | 12.36 (11.08, 17.27)* |
| SMI (kg/m2) | 7.10 (6.20, 7.70) | 6.20 (5.10, 6.70)* | 5.35 (4.93, 6.38)* |
| Abdominal circumference (cm) | 82.30 (75.50, 89.20) | 78.30 (73.00, 85.70) | 75.90 (71.00, 81.63)* |
| Handgrip (kg) | 24.00 (19.00, 28.00) | 24.00 (19.00, 30.00) | 16.00 (13.00, 22.00)*# |
| LVD (mm) | 45.00 (43.00, 47.00) | 42.00 (40.00, 47.00) | 42.00 (39.25, 45.00)*# |
| LAD (mm) | 34.00 (30.00, 37.00) | 31.00 (30.00, 36.00) | 33.00 (29.00, 37.00) |
| RVD (mm) | 28.35 ± 2.50 | 27.87 ± 3.27 | 27.77 ± 2.85 |
| RAD (mm) | 28.00 (26.00, 30.00) | 28.00 (26.00, 30.00) | 27.00 (26.00, 29.75) |
| AO (mm) | 32.00 (30.00, 35.00) | 32.00 (29.00, 34.00) | 30.00 (27.25, 34.75) |
| PA (mm) | 21.00 (20.00, 22.00) | 21.00 (20.00, 22.00) | 20.00 (20.00, 21.75)* |
| IVSD (mm) | 10.00 (9.00, 11.00) | 10.00 (9.00, 10.00)* | 9.50 (8.00, 10.75)* |
| LVPWD (mm) | 10.00 (9.00, 11.00) | 9.00 (9.00, 10.00)* | 9.00 (8.00, 10.00)* |
| EF (%) | 62.00 (60.00, 63.00) | 61.00 (60.00, 63.00) | 62.00 (60.00, 63.00) |
| FS (%) | 33.00 (31.00, 34.00) | 31.00 (30.00, 33.00) | 32.00 (30.00, 34.00) |
| LVM (g) | 157.06 (132.74, 176.04) | 132.11 (114.13, 153.24) | 123.02 (103.43, 153.50)*# |
[i] Data are expressed as the means ± standard deviation for normally distributed data and median (interquartile range) for nonnormally distributed data. *p < 0.05, compared with the non-sarcopenia group. # p < 0.05, compared with the non-severe sarcopenia group. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ALM, appendicular lean mass; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; LVD, left ventricular diameter; LAD, left atrial diameter; RVD, right ventricular diameter; RAD, right atrial diameter; AO, aorta diameter; PA, pulmonary artery diameter; IVSD, interventricular septum diastolic thickness; LVPWD, left ventricular posterior wall diastolic thickness; EF, left ventricular ejection fraction; FS, left ventricular fractional; LVM, left ventricular mass.
Table 4
Correlation between echocardiography parameters and SMM or SMI.
| VARIABLES | SMM | SMI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | p VALUE | r | p VALUE | |
| Age | 0.063 | 0.409 | 0.037 | 0.624 |
| Height | 0.501 | <0.001 | 0.381 | <0.001 |
| BMI | 0.452 | <0.001 | 0.616 | <0.001 |
| MNA-SF scores | 0.356 | <0.001 | 0.460 | <0.001 |
| LVD | 0.434 | <0.001 | 0.459 | <0.001 |
| LAD | 0.170 | 0.025 | 0.202 | 0.008 |
| RVD | 0.303 | <0.001 | 0.276 | <0.001 |
| RAD | 0.186 | 0.014 | 0.159 | 0.036 |
| IVSD | 0.232 | 0.002 | 0.244 | 0.001 |
| LVPWD | 0.243 | 0.001 | 0.257 | 0.001 |
| EF | 0.029 | 0.708 | 0.005 | 0.944 |
| FS | 0.009 | 0.903 | 0.050 | 0.515 |
| LVM | 0.416 | <0.001 | 0.441 | <0.001 |
[i] Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; ALM, appendicular lean mass; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; LVD, left ventricular diameter; LAD, left atrial diameter; RVD, right ventricular diameter; RAD, right atrial diameter; IVSD, interventricular septum diastolic thickness; LVPWD, left ventricular posterior wall diastolic thickness; EF, left ventricular ejection fraction; FS, left ventricular fractional; LVM, left ventricular mass.
Table 5
Multivariate regression analysis of the association between BMI, MNA-SF scores, LVM and SMM or SMI.
| VARIABLES | SMM (R2 = 0.475, p < 0.001) | SMI (R2 = 0.535, p < 0.001) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BETA | p VALUE | BETA | p VALUE | |
| Constant | –19.059(–26.376, –11.742) | <0.001 | –3.283(–5.000, –1.566) | <0.001 |
| Height | 0.162(0.123, 0.201) | <0.001 | 0.030(0.021, 0.039) | <0.001 |
| BMI | 0.378(0.190, 0.565) | <0.001 | 0.152(0.108, 0.196) | <0.001 |
| MNA-SF scores | 0.279(–0.124, 0.683) | 0.174 | 0.070(–0.024, 0.165) | 0.144 |
| LVM | 0.020(0.006, 0.034) | 0.005 | 0.004(0.001, 0.007) | 0.001 |
[i] Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LVM, left ventricular mass.
Figure 1
ROC analysis of LVM and BMI values in predicting the presence of sarcopenia.
Supplementary Table S1
Multivariate regression analysis of the association between clinical variables and LVM.
| LVM (R2 = 0.229, p < 0.001) | ||
|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | BETA | p VALUE |
| Constant | –35.829 (–166.381, 94.723) | 0.589 |
| Age | 0.499 (–0.438, 1.435) | 0.295 |
| Gender | –10.926 (–23.297, 1.445) | 0.083 |
| Height | 0.302 (–0.173, 0.777) | 0.212 |
| SBP | 0.038 (–0.404, 0.327) | 0.836 |
| DBP | 0.197 (–0.395, 0.788) | 0.512 |
| BMI | 5.116 (2.547, 7.684) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal circumference | –0.344 (–1.267, 0.579) | 0.463 |
[i] Abbreviations: LVM, left ventricular mass; SBP, systolic pressure; DBP, diastolic pressure; BMI, body mass index.