Figure 1
Mean annual PM2.5, 2019.
Table 1
PM2.5 Levels: lowest and highest 3 countries by WHO Regions, 2019.
| WHO REGION | LOWEST | HIGHEST | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEAN [95% CI] | MEAN [95% CI] | |||
| Africa | Mauritius | 10.48 [8.25–12.84] | Niger | 50.15 [21.92–99.90] |
| Namibia | 11.81 [6.32–18.88] | Nigeria | 55.64 [37.64–76.88] | |
| Kenya | 12.52 [7.80–17.78] | Cameroon | 56.37 [39.06–79.81] | |
| Americas | Bahamas | 5.20 [3.77–7.05] | El Salvador | 22.15 [14.49–31.82] |
| Canada | 6.39 [6.21–6.59] | Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | 25.23 [16.41–36.37] | |
| USA | 7.18 [7.07–7.28] | Peru | 29.07 [22.20–38.42] | |
| Eastern Mediterranean | Morocco | 13.44 [11.03–16.52] | Afghanistan | 62.49 [45.04–86.46] |
| Somalia | 14.28 [7.65–24.25] | Egypt | 63.16 [40.38–92.33] | |
| Djibouti | 19.98 [7.70–41.73] | Kuwait | 64.08 [55.65–72.49] | |
| Europe | Finland | 5.47 [5.16–5.76] | Kyrgyzstan | 37.58 [26.16–52.31] |
| Iceland | 5.79 [5.11–6.46] | Uzbekistan | 40.98 [29.83–57.12] | |
| Sweden | 5.96 [5.70–6.22] | Tajikistan | 53.65 [38.18–76.75] | |
| South-East Asia | Maldives | 13.00 [10.33–16.7] | Dem People’s Republic of Korea | 41.46 [31.42–53.61] |
| Indonesia | 19.34 [16.76–23.72] | Bangladesh | 45.99 [41.65–51.00] | |
| Timor-Leste | 20.47 [9.02–42.19] | India | 50.17 [47.87–52.43] | |
| Western Pacific | Niue | 6.74 [3.15–13.16] | Republic of Korea | 24.04 [23.39–24.75] |
| Tuvalu | 6.81 [2.59–13.49] | China | 38.15 [36.69–39.42] | |
| Brunei Darussalam | 6.86 [5.76–8.32] | Mongolia | 41.30 [30.68–53.50] | |
Figure 2
Trends in mean annual PM2.5 concentrations by WHO regions, 2010–2019.
Note: The shaded areas show uncertainty in estimates.
Figure 3
Number of all causes deaths attributable to ambient air pollution (left panel) and age-standardised mortality rates (per 100,000 people) attributable to ambient air pollution (right panel) for both sexes and by regions.
Figure 4
Number of IHD and stroke deaths attributable to ambient air pollution (left panels) and age-standardised mortality rates (per 100,000 people) attributable to ambient air pollution (right panels) for both sexes and WHO regions.
Figure 5
Age-standardised ischemic heart disease mortality rates (per 100,000 people) attributable to ambient air pollution for both sexes, 2019.
Figure 6
Age-standardised stroke mortality rates (per 100,000 people) attributable to ambient air pollution for both sexes, 2019.
Source: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/ambient-air-pollution-attributable-death-rate-(per-100-000-population-age-standardized); https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/household-air-pollution-attributable-death-rate-(per-100-000-population-age-standardized).
Figure 7
Short-term exposure: Percentage increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases (selected outcomes) by type of air pollutant.
Note: Each bar represents the percentage increase in the risk of developing the condition due to short-term exposure to specific pollutants (increase unit in pollutant provided in brackets in figure). CVD – Cardiovascular disease mortality; HF – Overall risk of heart failure incidence, mortality, and hospitalization; MI – Myocardial infarction incidence; Stroke – Stroke mortality; BC – Black carbon.
Source: See Appendix Table 1 and Table 2 for the full set of data.
Figure 8
Long-term exposure: Percentage increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases (selected outcomes) by type of air pollutant.
Note: Each bar represents the percentage increase in the risk of developing the condition due to long-term exposure to specific pollutants (increase unit in pollutant provided in brackets in figure). CVD – Cardiovascular disease mortality; HF – Overall risk of heart failure incidence, mortality, and hospitalization; IHD – Ischaemic heart disease mortality; Str-inc – Stroke incidence; Str-mor – Stroke mortality; BC – Black carbon.
Source: See Appendix for the full set of data.
Figure 9
Age-standardised ischaemic heart disease mortality rates (deaths per 100,000 people) attributable to household air pollution for both sexes, 2019.
Figure 10
Proportion of population with primary reliance on polluting fuels and technologies for cooking (%), 2021.
Figure 11
Ischaemic heart disease and stroke age-standardised mortality rates (deaths per 100,000 people) attributable to household air pollution (a) and ambient air pollution (b), by income level for both sexes, 2019.
Figure 12
Countries with legal instruments containing Ambient Air Quality Standards.