Gender Disparity in Lipid Testing Among Over 0.5 Million Adults from Pakistan: Females are Tested Much Later Despite Higher LDL-Cholesterol Levels

Amjad Nawaz; Madeeha Khan; Quratul Ain; Muhammad Amjad; Jaka Sikonja; Hijab Batool; Mohammad Iqbal Khan; Urh Groselj; Fouzia Sadiq

doi:10.5334/gh.1401

Gender Disparity in Lipid Testing Among Over 0.5 Million Adults from Pakistan: Females are Tested Much Later Despite Higher LDL-Cholesterol Levels

Volume 20 (2025): Issue 1

By: Amjad Nawaz , Madeeha Khan , Quratul Ain , Muhammad Amjad , Jaka Sikonja , Hijab Batool , Mohammad Iqbal Khan , Urh Groselj and Fouzia Sadiq

Open Access

|Feb 2025

Abstract

Background and aims: Dyslipidemia is the major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD); therefore, its early diagnosis and treatment is necessary. While previous studies in Pakistan focused on general lipid profiles, investigations into gender disparities in lipid testing remain scarce. Therefore, the present study aims to explore the gender disparity in lipid testing and lipid levels among the adult Pakistani population.

Methods: The lipid profile data was obtained from a tertiary care hospital and a diagnostic laboratory with centers across Pakistan. Dyslipidemia was defined based on the criteria provided by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines. Gender-based differences in lipid levels were analysed by copula decomposition, breaking down dyslipidemia differences into composition and structure effects.

Results: A total of 577,489 adults were included in this study. The highest number of tests (n = 86,709, 14.6%) were conducted in individuals aged between 50 to 54 years. Greater number of males (n = 203,415, 64.3%) were tested before the age of 50 years compared to females (n = 113,030, 35.7%). Conversely, after the age of 50 years, number of tests increased notably among females (n = 137,541, 52.7%) compared to males (n = 123,503, 47.3%; p < 0.001). For all comparisons, significant differences were observed for low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels between males and females (p < 0.001), where average levels of LDL-C, TC and HDL-C were higher in females while average TG levels were higher in males.

Conclusion: This study highlights the gender disparity in lipid testing in Pakistan, where females undergo lipid testing later in life, despite higher lipid levels compared to males.

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1401 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179

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Language: English

Submitted on: Jul 31, 2024

Accepted on: Jan 31, 2025

Published on: Feb 21, 2025

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Dyslipidemia,

Gender Disparity,

Cardiovascular disease,

Pakistan,

Opportunistic testing,

Lipid testing

© 2025 Amjad Nawaz, Madeeha Khan, Quratul Ain, Muhammad Amjad, Jaka Sikonja, Hijab Batool, Mohammad Iqbal Khan, Urh Groselj, Fouzia Sadiq, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 20 (2025): Issue 1