Table 1
Characteristics of included studies.
| STUDY | SCREENING YEARS | COUNTRY | INDEX CASES (N) | FAMILY SAMPLE | PARENTS | SIBLINGS | CHILDREN | POSITIVE CASES | RISK OF BIAS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aliku, 2016 | 2015–2015 | Uganda | RHD60 | 235 | 79 | 156 | – | 15 | Low |
| Culliford-Semmens, 2021 | 2014–2016 | New Zealand | ARF70 | 229 | 96 | 133 | – | 7 | Low |
| Franco, 2022 | 2020–2021 | Brazil | RHD121 | 226 | 20 | 77 | 129 | 14 | Low |
| Gemechu, 2021 | 2017–2021 | Ethiopia | RHD28 | 86 | 31 | 49 | 4 | 15 | Low |
Figure 1
Flow diagram of study selection.
Figure 2
Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in first-degree relatives of index cases; A – definite or RHD prevalence (definite for those under 20 years old combined with RHD for those with more than 20 years old); B- Definite RHD prevalence (analysis of only first-degree relatives under 20 years old by 2012 WHF diagnostic criteria).
Figure 3
Direct comparison of RHD or definite RHD prevalence; A- First-degree relative prevalence vs. non-relatives’ prevalence from same Region population; B- First-degree relative prevalence vs. non-relatives’ prevalence from same Region and same socioeconomic background; C- First-degree relative prevalence vs. non-relatives’ prevalence from same Region population on definite RHD (region population and family members under 20 years old, the 2012 WHF diagnostic criteria was used); D- Parents vs. siblings of index cases on the RHD prevalence.
Figure 4
Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis on the direct comparison of RHD: First-degree, relative vs Region population.