Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Community Health Workers Equipped with an mHealth Application Can Accurately Diagnose Hypertension in Rural Guatemala Cover

Community Health Workers Equipped with an mHealth Application Can Accurately Diagnose Hypertension in Rural Guatemala

Open Access
|Apr 2025

References

  1. World Health Organization. Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 14]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/372870/9789240081062-eng.pdf?sequence=1.
  2. Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation. 2016;134(6):441450. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.018912
  3. Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Gupta R, Avezum A, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA. 2013;310(9):959968. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.184182
  4. Hunter DJ, Reddy KS. Noncommunicable diseases. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(14):133643. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1109345
  5. Schneider H, Okello D, Lehmann U. The global pendulum swing towards community health workers in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review of trends, geographical distribution and programmatic orientations, 2005 to 2014. Hum Resour Health. 2016;14(1):65. DOI: 10.1186/s12960-016-0163-2
  6. Jeet G, Thakur JS, Prinja S, Singh M. Community health workers for non-communicable diseases prevention and control in developing countries: evidence and implications. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180640. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180640
  7. Joshi R, Alim M, Kengne AP, Jan S, Maulik PK, Peiris D, et al. Task shifting for non-communicable disease management in low and middle income countries—a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014 9(8):e103754. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103754
  8. Zulu JM, Kinsman J, Michelo C, Hurtig AK. Integrating national community-based health worker programmes into health systems: a systematic review identifying lessons learned from low-and middle-income countries. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:987. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-987
  9. Agarwal S, Perry HB, Long LA, Labrique AB. Evidence on feasibility and effective use of mHealth strategies by frontline health workers in developing countries: systematic review. Trop Med Int Health. 2015;20(8):10031014. DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12525
  10. Peiris D, Praveen D, Johnson C, Mogulluru K. Use of mHealth systems and tools for non-communicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2014;7(8):677691. DOI: 10.1007/s12265-014-9581-5
  11. Orton M, Agarwal S, Muhoza P, Vasudevan L, Vu A. Strengthening delivery of health services using digital devices. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2018;6(Suppl 1):S61S71. DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-18-00229
  12. John J, Muliyil J, Balraj V. Screening for hypertension among older adults: a primary care “high risk” approach. Indian J Community Med. 2010;35(1):6769. DOI: 10.4103/0970-0218.62561
  13. Abegunde DO, Shengelia B, Luyten A, Cameron A, Celletti F, Nishtar S, et al. Can non-physician health-care workers assess and manage cardiovascular risk in primary care? Bull World Health Organ [Internet]. 2007;85(6):432440. DOI: 10.2471/BLT.06.032177
  14. Schwalm JD, McCready T, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Yusoff K, Attaran A, Lamelas P, et al. A community-based comprehensive intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk in hypertension (HOPE 4): a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10205):12311242. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31949-X
  15. Reidpath DD, Ling ML, Yasin S, Rajagobal K, Allotey P. Community-based blood pressure measurement by non-health workers using electronic devices: a validation study. Glob Health Action. 2012;5:14876. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v5i0.14876
  16. Unger T, Borghi C, Charchar F, Khan NA, Poulter NR, Prabhakaran D, et al. 2020 International Society of Hypertension Global Hypertension Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75(6):13341357. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026
  17. Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig L, et al. STARD 2015: an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies. BMJ. 2015;351:h5527. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h5527
  18. Duffy S, Norton D, Kelly M, Chavez A, Tun R, de Guzmán Ramírez MN, et al. Using community health workers and a smartphone application to improve diabetes control in rural Guatemala. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2020;8(4):699720. DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-20-00076
  19. World Health Organization. WHO | HEARTS Technical Package [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2019 [cited 2019 Nov 14]. Available from: https://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/hearts/en/.
  20. Fedak KM, Good N, Walker ES, Balmes J, Brook RD, Clark ML, et al. Acute effects on blood pressure following controlled exposure to cookstove air pollution in the STOVES study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(14):e012246. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012246
  21. Balogh EP, Miller BT, Ball JR, Committee on Diagnostic Error, Board on Health Care Services, Institute of Medicine, et al. The Diagnostic Process. In: Improving Diagnosis in Health Care [Internet]. National Academies Press (US); 2015 [cited 2024 Sep 19]. DOI: 10.17226/21794
  22. STRIDE BP [Internet]. [cited 2020 Jun 15]. Available from: https://stridebp.org/index.php.
  23. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Internet]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2022. Available from: https://www.R-project.org/.
  24. Ranganathan P, Pramesh CS, Aggarwal R. Common pitfalls in statistical analysis: measures of agreement. Perspect Clin Res. 2017;8(4):187191. DOI: 10.4103/picr.PICR_123_17
  25. Cicchetti DV. Assessing inter-rater reliability for rating scales: resolving some basic issues. Br J Psychiatry. 1976;129:4526. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.129.5.452
  26. Wall HK, Hannan JA, Wright JS. Patients with undiagnosed hypertension: hiding in plain sight. JAMA. 2014;312(19):19731974. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2014.15388
  27. Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33(1):159174. DOI: 10.2307/2529310
  28. Korevaar DA, Gopalakrishna G, Cohen JF, Bossuyt PM. Targeted test evaluation: a framework for designing diagnostic accuracy studies with clear study hypotheses. Diagn Progn Res. 2019;3:22. DOI: 10.1186/s41512-019-0069-2
  29. McHugh ML. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochem Med. 2012;22(3):276282. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23092060.
  30. Datta D. blandr: a Bland-Altman Method Comparison package for R [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://github.com/deepankardatta/blandr.
  31. Meyer D, Zeileis A, Hornik K, Friendly M. vcd: visualizing categorical data [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vcd.
  32. Gorman B. mltools: Machine Learning Tools [Internet]. 2018 May. Available from: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mltools/index.html.
  33. Stevenson M, Sergeant E, Heuer C, Nunes T, Marshall J, Sanchez J, et al. epiR: tools for the analysis of epidemiological data [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/epiR/index.html.
  34. Teshome DF, Balcha SA, Ayele TA, Atnafu A, Sisay M, Asfaw MG, et al. Trained health extension workers correctly identify high blood pressure in rural districts of northwest Ethiopia: a diagnostic accuracy study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2022;22(1):375. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07794-w
  35. Sharman JE, Tan I, Stergiou GS, Lombardi C, Saladini F, Butlin M, et al. Automated “oscillometric” blood pressure measuring devices: how they work and what they measure. J Hum Hypertens. 2023;37(2):93100. DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00693-x
  36. Pappaccogli M, Di Monaco S, Perlo E, Burrello J, D’Ascenzo F, Veglio F, et al. Comparison of automated office blood pressure with office and out-off-office measurement techniques. Hypertension. 2019;73(2):481490. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12079
  37. Clark CE, Horvath IA, Taylor RS, Campbell JL. Doctors record higher blood pressures than nurses: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Gen Pract. 2014;64(621):e223e232. DOI: 10.3399/bjgp14X677851
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1423 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179
Language: English
Submitted on: Sep 28, 2024
Accepted on: Mar 17, 2025
Published on: Apr 17, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2025 Sean Duffy, Taryn McGinn Valley, Alejandro Chavez, Valerie Aguilar, Juan Aguirre Villalobos, Kaitlin Tetreault, Guanhua Chen, Elizabeth White, Alvaro Bermudez-Cañete, Do Dang, Julie Cornfield, Yoselin Letona, Rafael Tun, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.