Calcium Channel Blockers: Key Medicine to Drive Global Hypertension Control
References
- Global report on hypertension: the race against a silent killer. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Available from:
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240081062 . - Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, Chalmers J, Rodgers A, Rahimi K. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387:957–967. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8
- Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, Dahlof B, Pitt B, Shi V, Hester A, Gupte J, Gatlin M, Velazquez EJ, Investigators AT. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2417–28. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0806182
- Rodgers A, Salam A, Schutte AE, Cushman WC, de Silva HA, Di Tanna GL, Grobbee DE, Narkiewicz K, Ojji DB, Poulter NR, Schlaich MP, Oparil S, Spiering W, Williams B, Wright JT
Jr. , Lakshman P, Uluwattage W, Hay P, Pereira T, Amarasena N, Ranasinghe G, Gianacas C, Shanthakumar M, Liu X, Wang N, Gnanenthiran SR, Whelton PK, Investigators GM. Efficacy and safety of a novel low-dose triple single-pill combination of telmisartan, amlodipine and indapamide, compared with dual combinations for treatment of hypertension: a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, international clinical trial. Lancet. 2024;404:1536–1546. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01744-6 - Abrar A, Hu X, Akhtar J, Jubayer S, Noor Nabi Sayem M, Sultana S, Al Mamun MA, Bhuiyan MR, Malik F, Amin MR, Alim A, Gupta R, Zhao D, Farrell M, Banigbe B, Matsushita K, Burka D, Appel L, Moran AE, Choudhury SR. Evaluation of the World Health Organization-HEARTS hypertension control package in Bangladesh: a quasi-experimental trial. Heart. 2024;110:1090–1098. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2024-324253
- Ojji DB, Mayosi B, Francis V, Badri M, Cornelius V, Smythe W, Kramer N, Barasa F, Damasceno A, Dzudie A, Jones E, Mondo C, Ogah O, Ogola E, Sani MU, Shedul GL, Shedul G, Rayner B, Okpechi IG, Sliwa K, Poulter N, Investigators CS. Comparison of Dual Therapies for Lowering Blood Pressure in Black Africans. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:2429–2439. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901113
- Kiru G, Roy A, Kondal D, Chandrasekaran AM, Mukherjee S, Mohan B, Singh K, Salwa H, Christa E, Lobo AS, Mahajan G, Khanna A, Malviya A, Patil SG, Abichandani VK, Singh B, Gupta BK, Yellapantula B, Shailendra D, Sengupta S, Kumar S, Bardoloi N, Khanna M, Mishra A, Aithal K, Chavda V, Cornelius VR, Prabhakaran D, Poulter N, Investigators T. Treatment optimisation for blood pressure with single-pill combinations in India (TOPSPIN) – Protocol design and baseline characteristics. Int J Cardiol Cardiovasc Risk Prev. 2024;23:200346. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcrp.2024.200346
- Webster R, Salam A, de Silva HA, Selak V, Stepien S, Rajapakse S, Amarasekara S, Amarasena N, Billot L, de Silva AP, Fernando M, Guggilla R, Jan S, Jayawardena J, Maulik PK, Mendis S, Mendis S, Munasinghe J, Naik N, Prabhakaran D, Ranasinghe G, Thom S, Tisserra N, Senaratne V, Wijekoon S, Wijeyasingam S, Rodgers A, Patel A, Group TS. Fixed Low-Dose Triple Combination Antihypertensive Medication vs Usual Care for Blood Pressure Control in Patients With Mild to Moderate Hypertension in Sri Lanka: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;320:566–579. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.10359
- Ojji DB, Salam A, Sani MU, Ogah OS, Schutte AE, Huffman MD, Pant R, Ghosh A, Dhurjati R, Lakshmi JK, Ripiye NR, Orji IA, Kana SA, Abdussalam T, Olawumi AL, Alfa IM, Orimolade OA, Ajayi MO, Rodgers A. Low-Dose Triple-Pill vs Standard-Care Protocols for Hypertension Treatment in Nigeria: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024;332:1070–1079. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.18080
- Makani H, Bangalore S, Romero J, Htyte N, Berrios RS, Makwana H, Messerli FH. Peripheral edema associated with calcium channel blockers: incidence and withdrawal rate – a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2011;29:1270–80. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283472643
- Vukadinovic D, Scholz SS, Messerli FH, Weber MA, Williams B, Bohm M, Mahfoud F. Peripheral edema and headache associated with amlodipine treatment: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2019;37:2093–2103. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002145
- Prabhakaran D. Comparison of Dual Therapies for Hypertension Treatment Among Indians. Nature Medicine. In press.
- Ishigami J, Hasan MM, Sarker A, Nahar S, Shuvo SS, Ishraquzzaman M, Al Mamun MA, Kalimuddin M, Mahbubus Sobhan SM, Zhao D, Matsushita K, Appel LJ, Choudhury SR, Miller ER
3rd. , Malik FT. Dyskalemia Prior to and After Initiation of a Fixed Dose Combination of Telmisartan and Amlodipine in Adults with Hypertension in Bangladesh. Glob Heart. 2025;20:30. DOI: 10.5334/gh.1415 - World Health Organization. Tool for the development of a consensus protocol for treatment of hypertension. Geneva: WHO; 2018. Available from:
https://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/hearts/8_GUIDANCE_WORKSHOP_HEARTS_March4v2.pdf?ua=1 . - Satheesh G, Dhurjati R, Huffman MD, Rosende A, Rodgers A, Prabhakaran D, Ordunez P, Jha V, Salam A. Standardized treatment protocols for hypertension: global availability, characteristics, and alignment with the hypertension guideline recommendations. J Hypertens. 2024;42:902–908. DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000003636
- Husain MJ, Datta BK, Kostova D, Joseph KT, Asma S, Richter P, Jaffe MG, Kishore SP. Access to cardiovascular disease and hypertension medicines in developing countries: an analysis of essential medicine Lists, price, availability, and affordability. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2020;9:
e015302 . DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015302 - Under Pressure: Strategies to improve access to medicines to treat high blood pressure in low- and middle-income countries. In: Lives MSFaRtS, editor: Resolve to Save Lives; 2022. Available from:
https://resolvetosavelives.org/cardiovascular-health/hypertension/under-pressure . - Kaur P, Sakthivel M, Venkatasamy V, Jogewar P, Gill SS, Kunwar A, Sharma M, Pathni AK, Durgad K, Sahoo SK, Wankhede A, Kumar N, Bharadwaj V, Das B, Chavan T, Khedkar S, Sarode L, Bangar SD, Krishna A, Shivashankar R, Ganeshkumar P, Pragya P, Bhargava B. India Hypertension Control Initiative: Blood Pressure Control Using Drug and Dose-Specific Standard Treatment Protocol at Scale in Punjab and Maharashtra, India, 2022. Glob Heart. 2024;19:30. DOI: 10.5334/gh.1305
- Abrar A, Akhtar J, Karim MAI, Sayem NN, Jubayer S, Bhuiyan M, Mamun MAA, Liu H, Foti K, Matsushita K, Appel L, Choudhury S. P038 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION BY NON-PHYSICIAN HEALTHCARE WORKERS UNDER REMOTE SUPERVISION OF PHYSICIANS IS FEASIBLE AND EFFECTIVE IN RURAL BANGLADESH: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM CB-HEARTS PILOT STUDY. Journal of Hypertension. 2024;42:
e68 . DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0001063024.54901.f0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1443 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179
Language: English
Submitted on: May 25, 2025
Accepted on: Jun 16, 2025
Published on: Jul 14, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
© 2025 Andrew E. Moran, Swagata Kumar Sahoo, Bolanle Banigbe, Sohel Reza Choudhury, Prabhdeep Kaur, Renu Garg, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.