Table 1
Clinical characteristics of the cohort.
| DESCRIPTION | N | NON-AFRO-DESCENDANT | AFRO-DESCENDANT | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Self-declared skin colour | 2643 | 2191 (82.9%) | 452 (17.1%) | |
| Age, years | 62.0 (54.1–69.4) | 61.9 (54.1–69.4) | 62.5 (54.2–69.7) | 0.922 |
| Female sex | 1472 (55.6%) | 1212 (55.3%) | 260 (57.5%) | 0.390 |
| BMI, kg/m² | 28.7 (25.6–32.0) | 28.4 (25.5–31.9) | 29.4 (26.0–32.9) | 0.002 |
| WC, cm | 98.0 (90.0–107) | 98.3 (90.0–107) | 98.0 (91.0–106) | 0.788 |
| HT duration, years | 10 (4–20) | 10 (5–20) | 10 (5–20) | 0.044 |
| HT treatment duration, years | 10 (4–17) | 10 (4–17) | 10 (5–20) | 0.072 |
| DM | 784 (29.66%) | 656 (29.9%) | 128 (28.3%) | 0.492 |
| DM duration, years | 5.1 (3–14) | 7 (3–15) | 6 (2–10) | 0.007 |
| Smoking | 165 (6.24%) | 134 (6.1%) | 31 (6.8%) | 0.552 |
| Alcohol consumption | 197 (7.45%) | 153 (6.9%) | 44 (9.7%) | 0.043 |
[i] DM, diabetes mellitus; HT, hypertension; BMI, body mass index.
Table 2
Correlations between office BP and anthropometric values in the hypertensive non-Afro-descendant Brazilian individuals (n = 2191).
| VARIABLES | SBP | DBP | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMI | Rho | 0.095 | 0.144 |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| WC | Rho | 0.103 | 0.122 |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 |
[i] The Spearman correlation was used for all variables.
WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Rho, 0.00–0.19 (very weak correlation); 0.20–0.39 (weak correlation); 0.40–0.69 (moderate correlation); 0.70–0.89 (strong correlation); 0.90–1.00 (very strong correlation).
Table 3
Correlations between office BP and anthropometric values in the hypertensive Afro-descendant Brazilian individuals (n = 452).
| VARIABLES | SBP | DBP | |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMI | Rho | 0.09 | 0.126 |
| p-value | 0.056 | 0.007 | |
| WC | Rho | 0.106 | 0.051 |
| p-value | 0.066 | 0.379 |
[i] The Spearman correlation was used for all variables.
WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Rho: 0.00–0.19 (very weak correlation); 0.20–0.39 (weak correlation); 0.40–0.69 (moderate correlation); 0.70–0.89 (strong correlation); 0.90–1.00 (very strong correlation).
Table 4
Binary logistic regression analysis: odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for obesity vs. non-obesity in hypertensive Afro-descendant (n = 452) and non-Afro-descendant Brazilians (n = 2191) stratified by sex.
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLES | OR | CI (95%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.67 | 0.60–0.75 | <0.001 |
| BMI | |||
| Afro-descendant | 1.40 | 1.14–1.72 | <0.001 |
| Non-Afro-descendant | 1 | ||
| Sex (Afro-descendant) | 0.002 | ||
| Male | 0.78 | 0.66–0.90 | |
| Female | 1 | ||
| Sex (Non-Afro-descendant) | 0.005 | ||
| Male | 0.77 | 0.65–0.92 | |
| Female | 1 |
[i] Note: Estimates represent the log-odds of ‘BMI = Obese’ compared to ‘BMI = non-obese’ Obesity was defined as a BMI ≥30 kg/m².
Table 5
Binary logistic regression analysis for BP profile: uncontrolled vs. controlled BP among Afro-descendant and non-Afro-descendant Brazilian hypertensive individuals stratified by sex (n = 2643).
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLES | OR | CI (95%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.84 | 0.75–0.94 | 0.002 |
| Self-declared skin colour | |||
| Afro-descendants | 1.49 | 1.21–1.82 | <0.001 |
| Non-Afro-descendants | 1 | ||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 0.91 | 0.78–1.07 | 0.258 |
| Female | 1 | ||
[i] Note: Estimates represent the log-odds of ‘blood pressure profile = Uncontrolled’ compared to ‘Blood Pressure Profile = Controlled’.
OR: Odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.