Table 1
Quality-adjusted Life Years (QALY) gain in the study population.
| MEASURE | BASELINE (UC) | FOLLOW-UP (UC) | DIFFERENCE (UC) | BASELINE (IG) | FOLLOW-UP (IG) | DIFFERENCE (IG) | NET GAIN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aggregate* | 738.55 | 740.79 | 2.24 | 715.86 | 729.26 | 13.4 | 11.157 |
| Per-person* | 0.8984 | 0.9011 | 0.0027 | 0.8871 | 0.9037 | 0.0166 | 0.014 |
| Aggregate# | 759.42 | 761.66 | 2.24 | 732.45 | 745.84 | 13.4 | 11.157 |
| Per-person# | 0.8977 | 0.9003 | 0.0026 | 0.8878 | 0.9041 | 0.01623 | 0.014 |
[i] *Complete case analysis (Cases with missing EQIndex values excluded). #Replacement analysis (Missing EQIndex values replaced with baseline values), UC = usual care group, IG = intervention group.
Table 2
Healthcare and intervention costs in the study population.
| COST ITEM | USUAL CARE (AG) (N = 822) | USUAL CARE (PP) (N = 822) | INTERVENTION GROUP (AG) (N = 807) | INTERVENTION GROUP (PP) (N = 807) | INCREMENTAL COST (AG) | INCREMENTAL COST (PP) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | ||||||
| Health workers salary | 0 | 0 | 11,69,908 (65,673.66) | 1,449.70 (81.38) | 11,69,908 (65,673.66) | 1,449.70 (81.38) |
| Blood sugar monitoring | 0 | 0 | 78,254.79 (4390.08) | 96.97 (5.44) | 78,254.79 (4390.08) | 96.97 (5.44) |
| BP machines | 0 | 0 | 1,18,362.7 (6641.61) | 146.67 (8.23) | 1,18,362.7 (6641.61) | 146.67 (8.23) |
| Intervention materials: Development | 0 | 0 | 4,49,030.9 (25,210.68) | 556.42 (31.24) | 4,49,030.9 (25,210.68) | 556.42 (31.24) |
| Intervention materials: Printing | 93,276 (5236.4) | 113.48 (6.37) | 4,79,309.6 (26,905.38) | 593.94 (33.34) | 3,86,034 (21,669) | 480 (26.97) |
| Total cost of intervention | 93,726 (5326) | 113.48 (6.37) | 22,94,861 (128,831) | 2843 (159.6) | 22,01,585 (123,594) | 2730 (153.3) |
| OP Costs | ||||||
| Year 1 | 11,20,879 (62,924.78) | 1364 (76.57) | 11,14,115 (62,545.05) | 1381 (77.53) | –6,764 (–379.72) | 17 (0.95) |
| Year 2 | 10,74,432 (60,317.3) | 1307 (73.37) | 14,33,169 (80,456.35) | 1776 (99.7) | 3,58,737 (20,139.06) | 469 (26.33) |
| OP Total | 21,95,311 (123,242) | 2671 (150) | 25,47,284 (143,001) | 3157 (177) | 3,51,973 (19,759) | 486 (27) |
| IP Costs | ||||||
| Year 1 | 4,52,000 (25,374.73) | 550 (30.88) | 2,92,000 (16,392.52) | 362 (20.32) | –1,60,000 (–8982.2) | –188 (10.55) |
| Year 2 | 5,41,000 (30,371.08) | 658 (36.94) | 3,52,000 (19,760.85) | 436 (24.48) | –1,89,000 (–10,610.23) | –222 (12.46) |
| IP Total | 9,93,000 (55,746) | 1208 (68) | 6,44,000 (36,153) | 798 (45) | –3,49,000 (–19,592) | –410 (23) |
| Total | 32,81,588 (184,224) | 3992 (224.1) | 54,86,146 (307,986) | 6798 (381.6) | 22,04,558 (123,761) | 2806 (157.5) |
[i] Complete case analysis (Cases with missing EQIndex values excluded). Costs expressed in INR (Int$), BP = blood pressure, OP = outpatient, IP = inpatient, Ag = aggregate, Pp = Per–person.
Table 3
Incremental cost and cost-effectiveness of the intervention.
| VARIABLES | INCREMENTAL COST | INCREMENTAL EFFECTIVENESS | ICER | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGGREGATE | PER PERSON | AGGREGATE | PER PERSON | AGGREGATE | PER PERSON | |
| Glucose, mg/dl | 25,56,968 (143,545) | 3263.95 (183.23) | –5471 | –6.79904 | –467.37 (26.24) | –480.06 (26.95) |
| HbA1c, % | 25,94,418 (145,647) | 3304.85 (185.53) | –1144.16 | –1.41869 | –2267.53 (127.3) | –2329.51 (130.8) |
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dl | 25,56,968 (143,545) | 3263.95 (183.23) | –14585 | –18.2615 | –175.31 (9.84) | –178.73 (10.03) |
| LDL, mg/dl | 25,56,968 (143,545) | 3263.95 (183.23) | –11,750.2 | –14.6113 | –217.61 (12.22) | –223.39 (12.54) |
| HDL, mg/dl | 25,56,968 (143,545) | 3263.95 (183.23) | 5767.8 | 7.163697 | 443.318 (24.89) | 455.62 (25.58) |
| Waist Circumference, cm | 22,96,308 (128,912) | 2959.93 (166.17) | –3360.67 | –4.17584 | –683.29 (38.36) | –708.82 (39.79) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22,99,232 (129,076) | 2946.96 (165.44) | –1341.75 | –1.65666 | –1713.6 (–96.2) | –1778.85 (99.86) |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 23,11,108 (129,743) | 2943.72 (165.26) | –4701 | –5.80374 | –491.62 (–27.6) | –507.21 (28.47) |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 23,11,108 (129,743) | 2943.72 (165.26) | –2573.5 | –3.17845 | –898.04 (–50.41) | –926.15 (51.99) |
| Framingham Risk Score, % | 25,56,968 (143,545) | 3263.95 (183.23) | –20.5908 | –0.02579 | –1,24,180 (6971.3) | –1,26,569 (7105.4) |
[i] Costs expressed in INR(Int$).
ICER = incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, BMI = body mass index, BP = blood pressure.
Positive ICER interpreted as cost per unit increase in the parameter. Negative ICER interpreted as cost per unit decrease in the parameter.
Table 4
Cost-utility analysis.
| TYPE OF ANALYSIS | INCREMENTAL COST | INCREMENTAL QALYS | ICER | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGGREGATE | PER PERSON | AGGREGATE | PER PERSON | AGGREGATE | PER PERSON | |
| Undiscounted Results | ||||||
| Complete Cases* | 22,04,558 (123,761) | 2806 (157.5) | 11.157 | 0.014 | 1,97,594 (11,093) | 2,02,221 (11,352) |
| Replacement Analysis# | 22,05,500 (123,817) | 2774 (155.71) | 11.157 | 0.014 | 1,97,678 (11,097) | 2,04,082 (11,457) |
| Discounted results (3% discount rate) | ||||||
| Complete Cases* | 21,99,671 (123,490) | 2796 (157) | 11.819 | 0.0139 | 1,86,118 (10,449) | 2,01,558 (11,316) |
| Replacement Analysis# | 22,05,500 (123,621) | 2765 (155) | 11.157 | 0.014 | 1,82,512 (10,246) | 2,03,460 (11,422) |
[i] *Cases with missing EQIndex values excluded. #Missing EQIndex values replaced with baseline values; Costs expressed in INR(Int$); ICER expressed in INR/QALY(Int$/QALY), QALY = quality-adjusted life years, ICER = incremental cost-effectiveness ratio.
Figure 1
Tornado diagram representing the one-way sensitivity analysis.
EV = expected value.
Figure 2
ICE Scatterplot from 1000 probabilistic sensitivity analysis iterations. (A) CE threshold 3 GDP per capita. (B) CE threshold 1 GDP per capita.
WTP = willingness to pay threshold.