Figure 1
Flow diagram of cohort selection.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of formally employed adults who underwent myocardial revascularization in Colombia (2012–2018), stratified by quartile of legal monthly minimum wages at cohort entry.
| VARIABLE | TOTAL SAMPLE | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | p-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 8128 | N = 2040 | N = 2020 | N = 2010 | N = 2058 | ||
| Age, mean (sd) | 54.96 (9.27) | 56.37 (10.01) | 54.37 (10.01) | 54.16 (8.65) | 54.90 (8.10) | < 0.01 |
| Sex, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||||
| Female | 916 (11.27) | 283 (13.87) | 269 (13.32) | 196 (9.75) | 168 (8.16) | |
| Categorized Age, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||||
| Under 40 years old | 497 (6.11) | 91 (4.46) | 168 (8.32) | 135 (6.72) | 103 (5.00) | |
| 41 to 50 years old | 1525 (18.76) | 397 (19.46) | 382 (18.91) | 377 (18.76) | 369 (17.93) | |
| 51 to 60 years old | 3925 (48.29) | 855 (41.91) | 950 (47.03) | 1040 (51.74) | 1080 (52.48) | |
| Over 60 years old | 2181 (26.83) | 697 (34.17) | 520 (25.74) | 458 (22.79) | 506 (24.59) | |
| Region, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||||
| Atlántica | 1152 (14.17) | 283 (13.87) | 253 (12.52) | 290 (14.43) | 326 (15.84) | |
| Bogotá DC | 2976 (36.61) | 617 (30.25) | 740 (36.63) | 804 (40.00) | 815 (39.60) | |
| Central | 2159 (26.56) | 620 (30.39) | 606 (30.00) | 484 (24.08) | 449 (21.82) | |
| Oriental | 911 (11.21) | 228 (11.18) | 186 (9.21) | 223 (11.09) | 274 (13.31) | |
| Pacífica | 908 (11.17) | 287 (14.07) | 234 (11.58) | 204 (10.15) | 183 (8.89) | |
| Orinoquía y Amazonía | 22 (0.27) | 5 (0.25) | 1 (0.05) | 5 (0.25) | 11 (0.53) | |
| Charlson Index, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||||
| 0 | 2187 (26.91) | 441 (21.62) | 584 (28.91) | 559 (27.81) | 603 (29.30) | |
| 1–2 | 5049 (62.12) | 1328 (65.10) | 1239 (61.34) | 1266 (62.99) | 1216 (59.09) | |
| 3–4 | 673 (8.28) | 197 (9.66) | 149 (7.38) | 145 (7.21) | 182 (8.84) | |
| ≥5 | 219 (2.69) | 74 (3.63) | 48 (2.38) | 40 (1.99) | 57 (2.77) | |
| Revascularization (AMI), n (%) | < 0.01 | |||||
| Yes | 4197 (51.64) | 1138 (55.78) | 1010 (50.00) | 1051 (52.29) | 998 (48.49) | |
| Valvular Surgery, n (%) | 0.11 | |||||
| Yes | 198 (2.44) | 46 (2.25) | 55 (2.72) | 59 (2.94) | 38 (1.85) | |
| Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, n (%) | 0.49 | |||||
| Yes | 5997 (73.78) | 1479 (72.50) | 1495 (74.01) | 1491 (74.18) | 1532 (74.44) | |
| Cardiac Rehabilitation | < 0.01 | |||||
| Yes | 2197 (27.03) | 550 (25.03) | 479 (25.98) | 573 (23.08) | 595 (27.08) | |
| Insurer, n (%) | < 0.01 | |||||
| 1 | 2068 (25.44) | 493 (24.17) | 523 (25.89) | 551 (27.41) | 501 (24.34) | |
| 2 | 1058 (13.02) | 328 (16.08) | 292 (14.46) | 254 (12.64) | 184 (8.94) | |
| 3 | 998 (12.28) | 260 (12.75) | 233 (11.53) | 255 (12.69) | 250 (12.15) | |
| 4 | 691 (8.50) | 172 (8.43) | 190 (9.41) | 154 (7.66) | 175 (8.50) | |
| 5 | 877 (10.79) | 208 (10.20) | 230 (11.39) | 251 (12.49) | 188 (9.14) | |
| 6 | 545 (6.71) | 84 (4.12) | 101 (5.00) | 108 (5.37) | 252 (12.24) | |
| 7 | 258 (3.17) | 79 (3.87) | 66 (3.27) | 58 (2.89) | 55 (2.67) | |
| 8 | 702 (8.64) | 192 (9.41) | 166 (8.22) | 165 (8.21) | 179 (8.70) | |
| 9 | 333 (4.10) | 64 (3.14) | 61 (3.02) | 60 (2.99) | 148 (7.19) | |
| 10 | 225 (2.77) | 56 (2.75) | 74 (3.66) | 74 (3.68) | 21 (1.02) | |
| others | 373 (4.59) | 104 (5.10) | 84 (4.16) | 80 (3.98) | 105 (5.10) |
[i] Values are expressed as mean ± SD, median (IQR) or n (%), as appropriate. Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding. MMW = monthly minimum wage; AMI = acute myocardial infarction; CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG = coronary-artery bypass grafting.
Figure 2
Five-year mortality proportion by quartile of monthly minimum wages, stratified by revascularization type.
Table 2
Five-year overall survival after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) according to income quartile.
| QUARTILE | 5-YEAR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF PERCUTANEOUS REVASCULARIZATION | 5-YEAR OVERALL SURVIVAL OF CABG | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UNADJUSTED | ADJUSTED | UNADJUSTED | ADJUSTED | |||||||||
| HR | CI95% | p | HR | CI95% | p | HR | CI95% | p | HR | CI95% | p | |
| Q1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Q2 | 0.76 | 0.61–0.96 | 0.02 | 0.90 | 0.71–1.14 | 0.39 | 0.69 | 0.48–0.99 | 0.05 | 0.60 | 0.40–0.90 | 0.01 |
| Q3 | 0.65 | 0.52–0.82 | 0.00 | 0.79 | 0.62–1.01 | 0.06 | 0.57 | 0.39–0.84 | 0.00 | 0.56 | 0.38–0.84 | 0.00 |
| Q4 | 0.53 | 0.42–0.68 | 0.00 | 0.64 | 0.49–0.82 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.39–0.84 | 0.00 | 0.58 | 0.38–0.88 | 0.01 |
[i] Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were estimated with semi-parametric Cox proportional-hazards models. Adjustment variables: age (continuous), sex, year of procedure, health-insurance type, geographic region, Charlson Comorbidity Index, AMI ≤ 30 days before revascularisation, cardiac rehabilitation and valve surgery ≤ 30 days after revascularisation. 95% CI = confidence interval.
Figure 3
Adjusted five-year survival by quartiles of monthly minimum wages (MMW).
Table 3
Relative and Slope Indices of Inequality (RII and SII) in 5-year mortality after myocardial revascularization.
| INDEX | CABG | PCI | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ESTIMATE | 95% CI | P-VALUE | ESTIMATE | 95% CI | P-VALUE | |
| Relative Index of Inequality | 1.97 | 1.17–3.31 | 0.01 | 1.81 | 1.32–2.48 | 0.00 |
| Slope Index of Inequality (per 100,000) | 4.14 | 3.30–4.98 | 0.00 | 3.13 | 2.74–3.52 | 0.00 |
[i] RII represents the relative risk of death between the bottom and top of the income hierarchy; SII indicates the absolute percentage-point difference per 100 000 persons between those extremes. Both indices were derived from Poisson regression models adjusted for the same covariates used in the Cox models.