When Risk is Unequal: Gendered Pathways to Cardiovascular Disease
References
- Stark BA, DeCleene NK, Desai EC, Hsu JM, Johnson CO, Lara-Castor L, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2023. JACC. 2025;86(22):2167–243. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2025.08.015
- Ramírez-García D, Pérez-Alonso-Espinosa J, Méndez-Labra PN, Fermín-Martínez CA, Díaz-Sánchez JP, Paz-Cabrera CD, et al. Cardiovascular risk management in adults with diagnosed diabetes in Mexico from 2016–2023: a retrospective analysis of nationally representative surveys. medRxiv. 2025. DOI: 10.1101/2024.09.18.24313926
- Flores-Luna L, Escamilla-Núñez C, Cruz-Bautista I, Rojas-Martínez R, Hernández-Cadena L, Castro-Porras L, et al. Gender differences in major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Mexican Adults. Glob Heart. 2026;21(1):21. DOI: 10.5334/gh.1531
- Campos-Nonato I, Ramírez-Villalobos M, Monterrubio-Flores E, Mendoza-Herrera K, Aguilar-Salinas C, Pedroza-Tobías A, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and combinations of its components: findings from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2021. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2025;23(4):193–204. DOI: 10.1089/met.2024.0179
- Ivey SL, Hanley HR, Taylor C, Stock E, Vora N, Woo J, et al. Early identification and treatment of women’s cardiovascular risk factors prevents cardiovascular disease, saves lives, and protects future generations: policy recommendations and take action plan utilizing policy levers. Clin Cardiol. 2022;45(11):1100–6. DOI: 10.1002/clc.23921
- Shin MS. Sex-specific challenges in cardiovascular disease among women: gaps in recognition, diagnosis, and management. Cardiovasc Prev Pharmacother. 2025;7(2):50–54. DOI: 10.36011/cpp.2025.7.e8
- López Ferreruela I, Obón Azuara B, Malo Fumanal S, Rabanaque Hernández MJ, Aguilar-Palacio I. Gender inequalities in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a scoping review. Int J Equity Health. 2024;23(1):146. DOI: 10.1186/s12939-024-02230-3
- Humphries KH, Izadnegahdar M, Sedlak T, Saw J, Johnston N, Schenck-Gustafsson K, et al. Sex differences in cardiovascular disease – impact on care and outcomes. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017;46:46–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.04.001
- Resurrección DM, Motrico E, Rigabert A, Rubio-Valera M, Conejo-Cerón S, Pastor L, et al. Barriers for nonparticipation and dropout of women in cardiac rehabilitation programs: a systematic review. J Women’s Health. 2017;26(8):849–59. DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.6249
- Vogel B, Acevedo M, Appelman Y, Bairey Merz CN, Chieffo A, Figtree GA, et al. The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease commission: reducing the global burden by 2030. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2385–438. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00684-X
- Suman S, Pravalika J, Manjula P, Farooq U. Gender and CVD- does it really matters? Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023;48(5):101604. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101604
- Betai D, Ahmed AS, Saxena P, Rashid H, Patel H, Shahzadi A, et al. Gender disparities in cardiovascular disease and their management: a review. Cureus. 2024;16(5):
e59663 . DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5966.3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1549 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179
Language: English
Submitted on: Mar 25, 2026
Accepted on: Mar 27, 2026
Published on: Apr 8, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
© 2026 Panniyammakal Jeemon, Susan Uthup, Navya Anikkady, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.