Figure 1
Consort diagram with the total number of participants and losses, number of clusters, monitoring and analysis of study groups.
Table 1
Comparison between students who completed the study protocol and losses.
| Variable* | Students with complete data (3 time points) (N = 1301) | Losses (n = 751) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (female) | 677 (52) | 395 (53) | 0.807 |
| Group | 0.651 | ||
| Expository classes (G1) | 651 (50) | 357 (48) | |
| Worked Example (G2) | 650 (50) | 394 (52) | |
| Schooling | <0.001 | ||
| Elementary school | 478 (37) | 145 (19) | |
| Highschool | 823 (63) | 606 (81) | |
| Father educational level† | 0.279 | ||
| Elementary school (complete or incomplete) | 528 (44) | 285 (42) | |
| Highschool (complete or incomplete) | 319 (27) | 168 (25) | |
| Superior | 88 (7) | 61 (9) | |
| Not informed | 256 (22) | 163 (24) | |
| Mother educational level† | <0.001 | ||
| Elementary school (complete or incomplete) | 532 (43) | 285 (42) | |
| Highschool (complete or incomplete) | 441 (35) | 168 (25) | |
| Superior | 87 (7) | 61 (9) | |
| Not informed | 186 (15) | 163 (24) | |
| Father income‡ | 0.429 | ||
| Up to 1 minimum wage | 164 (13) | 106 (15) | |
| 1–2 minimum wages | 220 (18) | 133 (19) | |
| 3–4 minimum wages | 58 (5) | 34 (5) | |
| ≥5 minimum wages | 21 (2) | 17 (3) | |
| Not informed | 754 (62) | 400 (58) | |
| Mother income‡ | 0.456 | ||
| Up to 1 minimum wage | 335 (27) | 189 (27) | |
| 1–2 minimum wages | 201 (16) | 135 (19) | |
| 3–4 minimum wages | 31 (3) | 23 (3) | |
| ≥5 minimum wages | 13 (1) | 9 (1) | |
| Not informed | 661 (53) | 361 (50) |
[i] * Values expressed as absolute numbers and percentages for each group.
† Father educational level: total answers 1868 (1191 in the group with complete data and 677 in the loss group).
Mother educational level: total answers 1923 (1246 in the group with complete data and 677 in the loss group).
‡ Father income: total answers 1907 (1217 in the group with complete data and 690 in the loss group).
Mother income: total answers 1958 (1241 in the group with complete data and 717 in the loss group).
Figure 2
Proportions of correct answers in the pre-test, immediate and late post-tests for the conventional and experimental groups (primary outcome).
Figure 3
Overall proportions of correct answers by question for children in elementary and high school.
Appendix Figure 1
Proportions of correct answers by individual question for the conventional and experimental groups.