Table 1
Chronic diseases and their measurement in the study.
| S# | Disease condition | Measurement |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tuberculosis | Self-report: Ever been told that you have TB? |
| 2 | HIV infection | Self-report & test: Tested HIV+. |
| 3 | Diabetes | Self-report: Ever been told that you have diabetes? |
| 4 | Stroke | Self-report: Ever been told that you had a stroke? |
| 5 | Hypertension | Self-reported & measured: measured SBP/DBP>140/90 or on treatment. |
| 6 | Angina | Self-report: Ever been told that you had angina? |
| 7 | Heart attack | Self-report: Ever been told that you had a heart attack? |
| 8 | Congestive heart failure (CHF) | Self-report: Ever been told that you had CHF? |
| 9 | High cholesterol | Self-report: Ever been told you have high cholesterol? |
| 10 | Thyroid disease | Self-report: Ever been told you have thyroid disease? |
| 11 | Kidney disease | Self-report: Ever been told you have kidney disease? |
| 12 | Cancer | Self-report: Ever been told you have breast, cervical, prostate or other cancers? |
| 13 | Asthma/reactive air disease | Self-report: Have had asthma or reactive air disease? |
| 14 | Alcohol disorder | Self-report: Ever felt you had to cut down on your drinking/people annoyed you by criticising your drinking/bad or guilty about your drinking/you needed an alcohol drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or get rid of a hangover? |
| 15 | Drug use | Self-report: Ever taken marijuana, methamphetamines, cocaine or any other drugs? |
| 16 | Obesity | Measured: By BMI ≥ 30 |
[i] SBP = Systolic blood pressure, DBP = Diastolic blood pressure.
Table 2
Life-time prevalence of the 16 chronic disease conditions.
| S# | Disease condition | # | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hypertension | 458 | 22.9 |
| 2 | Obesity | 398 | 19.9 |
| 3 | Drug use | 257 | 12.8 |
| 4 | HIV | 243 | 12.1 |
| 5 | Tuberculosis | 219 | 10.9 |
| 6 | Alcohol disorder | 219 | 10.9 |
| 7 | Diabetes | 62 | 3.1 |
| 8 | Asthma/reactive air disease | 63 | 3.1 |
| 9 | Angina | 50 | 2.6 |
| 10 | Kidney disease | 37 | 1.8 |
| 11 | Stroke | 17 | 0.8 |
| 12 | Cancer | 14 | 0.7 |
| 13 | Thyroid disease | 13 | 0.6 |
| 14 | Heart attack | 11 | 0.5 |
| 15 | Congestive heart failure | 11 | 0.5 |
| 16 | High cholesterol | 9 | 0.4 |
| 2081 |
Table 3
Prevalence of at least one chronic condition by background characteristics.
| Categories | Have at least one chronic condition? | Total (N) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Men | 61.1% | 922 |
| Women | 68.4% | 1,081 | |
| Age | 40–45 years | 63.7% | 724 |
| 46–50 years | 62.4% | 530 | |
| 51–55 years | 69.0% | 436 | |
| 56–60 years | 66.8% | 313 | |
| Education | No formal education | 66.9% | 154 |
| Primary education | 67.2% | 1,151 | |
| Secondary education | 61.3% | 672 | |
| Tertiary education | 53.8% | 26 | |
| Employment | Self-employed | 67.4% | 946 |
| Full-time employed | 52.8% | 267 | |
| Part-time employed | 66.7% | 45 | |
| Informal employment | 64.2% | 623 | |
| Unemployed | 76.5% | 119 | |
| Wealth status | Poorest | 70.1% | 241 |
| Second | 62.1% | 451 | |
| Third | 64.4% | 464 | |
| Fourth | 68.6% | 405 | |
| Richest | 62.4% | 442 | |
| Total | 65.0% | 2,003 |
Table 4
Chronic conditions involved in instances of single- and multi-morbidity.
| Single morbidity | Multimorbidity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic conditions | # | % | Chronic conditions | # | % |
| Obesity | 183 | 25.2 | Hypertension | 282 | 20.8 |
| Hypertension | 176 | 24.2 | Obesity | 215 | 15.9 |
| Drug use | 87 | 12.0 | Drug use | 170 | 12.5 |
| HIV | 89 | 12.3 | TB | 157 | 11.6 |
| Alcohol disorder | 72 | 9.9 | HIV | 154 | 11.4 |
| TB | 62 | 8.5 | Alcohol disorder | 147 | 10.8 |
| Asthma | 18 | 2.5 | Diabetes | 53 | 3.9 |
| Angina | 9 | 1.2 | Asthma | 45 | 3.3 |
| Diabetes | 9 | 1.2 | Angina | 41 | 3.0 |
| Kidney disease | 10 | 1.4 | Kidney disease | 27 | 2.0 |
| Stroke | 5 | 0.7 | Cancers | 14 | 1.0 |
| Thyroid | 3 | 0.4 | Stroke | 12 | 0.9 |
| Heart Failure | 2 | 0.3 | Heart attack | 10 | 0.7 |
| Heart attack | 1 | 0.1 | Thyroid | 10 | 0.7 |
| Cholesterol | – | Heart Failure | 9 | 0.7 | |
| Cancers | – | Cholesterol | 9 | 0.7 | |
| Total | 726 | 100.0 | Total | 1,355 | 100.0 |
Table 5
Prevalence of chronic conditions by background characteristics.
| Categories | No condition % | Single condition % | Multimorbidity % | Total (N) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Men | 38.9 | 35.7 | 25.4 | 922 |
| Women | 31.4 | 36.7 | 31.6 | 1,081 | |
| Age | ≤50 years | 36.8 | 36.7 | 26.5 | 1,254 |
| >50 years | 31.9 | 35.5 | 32.6 | 749 | |
| Education | No formal education | 33.1 | 38.3 | 28.6 | 154 |
| Primary | 32.8 | 36.7 | 30.4 | 1,151 | |
| Secondary | 38.7 | 34.8 | 26.5 | 672 | |
| Tertiary | 46.1 | 38.5 | 15.4 | 26 | |
| Employment | Self-employed | 32.6 | 38.2 | 29.3 | 946 |
| Full-time | 47.2 | 33.7 | 19.1 | 267 | |
| Part-time | 33.3 | 40.0 | 26.7 | 45 | |
| Informal | 35.8 | 33.9 | 30.3 | 623 | |
| Unemployed | 23.5 | 38.7 | 37.8 | 119 | |
| Wealth status | Poorest | 29.9 | 39.0 | 31.1 | 241 |
| Second | 37.9 | 32.4 | 29.7 | 451 | |
| Third | 35.6 | 37.7 | 26.7 | 464 | |
| Fourth | 31.4 | 38.5 | 30.1 | 405 | |
| Richest | 37.6 | 35.1 | 28.8 | 442 |
Table 6
Logistic regression outputs for differentials of multimorbidity.
| Differentials | Model 1: No condition Vs single condition | Model 2: No condition Vs multimorbidity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | [95% Conf. Interval] | Odds Ratio | [95% Conf. Interval] | |||
| Sex (Ref: Women) | 1.40 | 1.09 | 1.8 | 2.46 | 1.84 | 3.29 |
| Age (Ref: 40–50 years) | 1.13 | 0.90 | 1.42 | 1.54 | 1.2 | 1.97 |
| Education (Ref: No formal education) | ||||||
| Primary | 0.97 | 0.63 | 1.50 | 1.19 | 0.74 | 1.91 |
| Secondary | 0.83 | 0.52 | 1.31 | 0.99 | 0.6 | 1.64 |
| Tertiary | 0.89 | 0.33 | 2.39 | 0.69 | 0.19 | 2.54 |
| Ethnicity (Ref: Kamba) | ||||||
| Kikuyu | 1.16 | 0.85 | 1.57 | 1.44 | 1.03 | 2.02 |
| Luhya | 1.17 | 0.82 | 1.66 | 0.86 | 0.57 | 1.30 |
| Luo | 0.94 | 0.66 | 1.33 | 1.10 | 0.75 | 1.62 |
| Others | 0.68 | 0.45 | 1.05 | 0.74 | 0.46 | 1.19 |
| Employment (Ref: self-employed) | ||||||
| Full-time | 0.68 | 0.48 | 0.96 | 0.62 | 0.41 | 0.94 |
| Part-time | 1.07 | 0.52 | 2.21 | 1.07 | 0.47 | 2.43 |
| Informal | 0.77 | 0.59 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 0.68 | 1.23 |
| Unemployed | 1.34 | 0.81 | 2.23 | 1.87 | 1.11 | 3.16 |
| Wealth status (Ref: poorest) | ||||||
| Second | 0.70 | 0.48 | 1.04 | 0.91 | 0.60 | 1.39 |
| Third | 0.9 | 0.61 | 1.33 | 0.99 | 0.65 | 1.52 |
| Fourth | 1.07 | 0.72 | 1.61 | 1.35 | 0.86 | 2.10 |
| Richest | 0.84 | 0.56 | 1.27 | 1.15 | 0.73 | 1.81 |
| Behavioural risk factors | ||||||
| Current use of alcohol (Ref: No) | 2.34 | 1.65 | 3.32 | 5.36 | 3.72 | 7.70 |
| Current smoking (Ref: No) | 1.48 | 0.99 | 2.22 | 1.95 | 1.28 | 2.97 |
| Unhealthy diet (Ref: No) | 0.93 | 0.73 | 1.19 | 0.96 | 0.73 | 1.25 |
| Work involves sitting (Ref: No) | 1.08 | 0.87 | 1.35 | 0.93 | 0.74 | 1.19 |
Figure 1
Prevalence of single chronic condition by sex and age.
Figure 2
Prevalence of co-exisiting conditions.