Figure 1
Five-step experiential learning cycle [14].
Table 1
Sample size by province.
| Province | Number of schools enrolled | Total number of students | % of the total sample |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 567 | 13.4 |
| 2 | 5 | 718 | 17.0 |
| 3 | 5 | 574 | 13.6 |
| 4 | 5 | 663 | 15.7 |
| 5 | 5 | 577 | 13.7 |
| 6 | 5 | 463 | 11.0 |
| 7 | 5 | 663 | 15.7 |
| Total | 32 | 4225 | 100.0 |
Table 2
Distribution of students by sex and grade.
| Characteristics | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male | 1,937 | 45.80% |
| Female | 2,288 | 54.20% |
| Total | 4,225 | 100.00% |
| Grades | ||
| 8 | 1,344 | 31.80% |
| 9 | 1,618 | 38.30% |
| 10 | 1,263 | 29.90% |
| Total | 4,225 | 100.00% |
Table 3
Self-reported aggregate tobacco and alcohol consumption-related behaviour.
| Consumption of tobacco and alcohol (n = 4225) | Pre-test | Post-test | % decline | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent | Percent | |||
| Ever lit a cigarette in the last 30 days | 8.40 | 5.60 | 33.33 | <0.01* |
| Smoked cigarette/bidi/hookah in the last 30 days | 7.70 | 5.80 | 24.68 | 0.0005* |
| Consumed other smokeless tobacco in the last 30 days (yes/no) | 5.00 | 3.60 | 28.00 | 0.0015* |
| Consumed any alcohol type in the last 30 days | 9.60 | 6.80 | 29.17 | <0.01* |
[i] * Statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05.
Table 4
Self reported information on stress and physical activities.
| Characteristics (n = 4,225) | Yes/No | Pre-test | Post-test | Change (in %) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent | Percent | ||||
| Could not control important aspects of life last month | Yes | 36.40 | 32.70 | 10.16 | 0.0003* |
| Confidence in handling problems last month | Yes | 56.50 | 58.80 | –4.07 | 0.0324* |
| Felt like everything was going on as planned last month | Yes | 33.80 | 39.20 | –15.98 | <0.01* |
| Experienced difficulty in solving problems last month | Yes | 33.90 | 31.90 | 5.90 | 0.0504 |
| Have done Aana-paana- mindfulness of breathing | Yes | 8.90 | 54.80 | –515.73 | <0.01* |
| Walked to school all six days | Yes | 66.00 | 73.10 | –10.76 | <0.01* |
| Duration of physical exercise in school | None | 34.00 | 17.80 | 47.65 | <0.01* |
| Up to half an hour | 46.70 | 61.10 | –30.84 | <0.01* | |
| More than half an hour | 14.60 | 18.10 | –23.97 | <0.01* | |
| Played outside school till it sweated | Yes | 55.10 | 71.30 | –29.40 | <0.01* |
[i] * Statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05.
Table 5
Self-reported information on the consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods and drinks.
| Food/drinks intake | Pre-test | Post-test | % Change | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent | Percent | |||
| Instant noodles | 79.60 | 70.50 | 11.43 | <0.01* |
| Potato chips | 47.60 | 39.40 | 17.23 | <0.01* |
| Processed spicy titbits (eg Kurkure) | 46.20 | 40.10 | 13.20 | <0.01* |
| Beaten rice | 59.10 | 57.50 | 2.71 | 0.1359 |
| Roasted maize | 52.00 | 60.40 | –16.15 | <0.01* |
| Roasted peanuts | 39.50 | 57.70 | –46.08 | <0.01* |
| Boiled egg | 58.00 | 62.60 | –7.93 | <0.01* |
| Coke | 47.60 | 27.10 | 43.07 | <0.01* |
| Fanta | 37.30 | 22.10 | 40.75 | <0.01* |
| Mixed vegetables | 84.00 | 84.90 | –1.07 | 0.2537 |
| Fruits | 84.2% | 85.30 | –1.31 | 0.1597 |
[i] * Statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05.
Table 6
Sex-wise difference in self-reported reduction in the CVD risk behaviours.
| The CVD Risk Behaviurs | Relative difference in pre-test and post-test in % among sex | |
|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | |
| Ever lit a cigarette in the last 30 days | 17.24 | 51.72* |
| Smoked cigarette in the last 30 days | 14.18 | 34.38* |
| Consumed other smokeless tobacco | 10.71 | 50.00* |
| Consumed any alcohol | 11.45 | 47.06* |
| Felt like everything was going on as planned | –15.00 | –16.62 |
| Walked to school all six days | –10.58 | –10.53 |
| Played outside school till it sweated | –16.34 | –51.21* |
| Consumed instant noodles | 8.84 | 13.38 |
| Consumed coke | 43.69* | 42.58* |
[i] Note: Only key variables have been used in the comparison table. Negative sign shows increment.
* Statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05.
Table 7
Change in key CVD risk behaviours by province.
| Key CVD risk behaviours | Provinces (the relative difference between pre-test and post-test in %) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| Ever lit a cigarette in the last 30 days | 7.95 | 50.65* | 39.26* | 18.00 | 54.10* | 29.82* | 26.67* |
| Smoked cigarette in the last 30 days | 4.00 | 34.92* | 21.11 | 28.16* | 41.94* | 20.00 | 28.57* |
| Consumed other smokeless tobacco | 19.39 | 58.21* | 13.73 | 63.00* | 69.57* | 5.00 | 12.00 |
| Consumed any alcohol | 11.00 | 51.67* | 28.72* | 24.49* | 38.10* | 14.43 | 45.45* |
| Felt like everything going on as planned | –7.74 | –41.60* | –14.93 | –8.45 | 6.82 | –13.33 | –21.99* |
| Walked to school six days | –5.18 | –45.05* | –6.95 | –1.73 | –18.27 | 0.55 | –23.25* |
| Played outside school till sweated | –14.64 | –28.85* | –23.48* | –26.93* | –42.95* | –15.68 | –46.14* |
| Consumed instant noodles | –1.32 | 20.19* | 11.06 | 2.03 | 4.10 | 21.32* | 20.38* |
| Consumed coke | 30.84* | 40.98* | 21.62 | 56.59* | 53.76* | 35.14* | 67.80* |
[i] Note: Only key variables have been used in the comparison table. Negative sign shows increment.
* Statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05.