Figure 1
Flow chart of study procedures.
Figure 2
Flow chart of study participants.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of study groups.
| Intervention group (n = 50) | Control group (n = 50) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years | 59.7 (4.9) | 60.0 (4.0) | 0.67 |
| Women, n (%) | 41 (82.0) | 39 (78.0) | 0.62 |
| Educational level | 0.64 | ||
| Secondary education, n (%) | 3 (6.0) | 1 (2.0) | |
| College, n (%) | 17 (34.0) | 14 (28.0) | |
| Incomplete higher education, n (%) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.0) | |
| Higher education, n (%) | 29 (58.0) | 34 (68.0) | |
| Body weight, kg | 82.0 (14.0) | 81.8 (11.0) | 0.96 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.6 (4.1) | 30.2 (4.0) | 0.62 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 96.3 (10.2) | 95.9 (8.7) | 0.82 |
| Fat mass, kg | 29.6 (7.8) | 29.3 (7.5) | 0.85 |
| Lean mass, kg | 52.4 (10.3) | 52.4 (9.2) | 0.99 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 148.21 (20.0) | 147.7 (19.0) | 0.93 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 85.6 (9.5) | 84.9 (8.8) | 0.71 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 6.4 (1.2) | 5.9 (0.9) | 0.04 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.3) | 0.59 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 4.2 (1.0) | 4.0 (0.8) | 0.33 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.7 (0.9) | 1.4 (0.5) | 0.03 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mmol/l | 5.5 (0.6) | 5.2 (0.7) | 0.04 |
[i] BP blood pressure; HDL high density lipoprotein; LDL low density lipoprotein. Numbers are mean (SD), unless otherwise stated.
Table 2
Between and within study groups comparison over time for body composition.
| Measurement | Timeline | Group | Time | Group × Time | p-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | 12 months | Est. | p-value | Est. | p-value | Est. | |||
| Weight | Intervention | 82.0 ± 14.0 | 79.6 ± 14.0 | 81.4 ± 10.9 | 81.5 ± 11.1 | 0.286 | 0.90 | –0.126 | 0.216 | –0.582 | <0.001 |
| Control | 81.8 ± 11.0 | NA | 79.8 ± 14.1 | 79.5 ± 13.6 | |||||||
| Waist circum. | Intervention | 96.3 ± 10.2 | 94.2 ± 10.0 | 94.3 ± 10.5 | 94.3 ± 10.2 | 0.406 | 0.82 | –0.147 | 0.24 | –0.429 | 0.01 |
| Control | 95.9 ± 8.7 | NA | 95.6 ± 8.5 | 95.4 ± 8.7 | |||||||
| BMI | Intervention | 30.6 ± 4.1 | 29.7 ± 4.0 | 29.8 ± 4.3 | 29.7 ± 4.1 | 0.268 | 0.73 | –0.045 | 0.24 | –0.216 | <0.001 |
| Control | 30.2 ± 3.4 | NA | 30.1 ± 3.4 | 30.1 ± 4.1 | |||||||
| Fat mass | Intervention | 29.6 ± 7.8 | 27.4 ± 7.5 | 27.8 ± 8.1 | 28.0 ± 7.7 | –0.471 | 0.74 | –0.090 | 0.37 | –0.352 | 0.01 |
| Control | 29.3 ± 7.5 | NA | 29.1 ± 7.4 | 29.0 ± 7.6 | |||||||
| Lean mass | Intervention | 52.4 ± 10.3 | 52.2 ± 10.6 | 52.0 ± 10.4 | 51.5 ± 9.8 | 0.924 | 0.41 | –0.029 | 0.73 | –0.258 | 0.03 |
| Control | 52.4 ± 9.2 | NA | 52.2 ± 9.1 | 52.3 ± 9.2 | |||||||
[i] BMI body mass index. NA no measurements taken at time point. Values are expressed as mean (SD). Models are adjusted for sex and age.
Table 3
Between and within study groups comparison over time for cardiometabolic risk factors.
| Measurement | Timeline | Group | Time | Group × Time | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | 12 months | Est. | p-value | Est. | p-value | Est. | p-value | ||
| SBP | Intervention | 148.1 ± 19.0 | 130.3 ± 9.3 | 131.0 ± 12.4 | 130.3 ± 13.2 | –3.247 | 0.36 | –4.726 | <0.001 | –0.530 | 0.59 |
| Control | 147.7 ± 20.0 | NA | 135.3 ± 13.2 | 134.3 ± 14.2 | |||||||
| DBP | Intervention | 85.6 ± 8.8 | 79.7 ± 6.5 | 80.6 ± 7.3 | 79.9 ± 8.2 | –0.005 | 0.99 | –0.709 | 0.02 | –0.887 | 0.04 |
| Control | 84.9 ± 9.5 | NA | 83.6 ± 7.8 | 82.7 ± 7.6 | |||||||
| Total cholesterol | Intervention | 6.4 ± 1.2 | 6.5 ± 1.3 | 6.5 ± 1.5 | 5.9 ± 1.1 | 0.660 | 0.01 | –0.013 | 0.75 | –0.149 | 0.01 |
| Control | 5.9 ± 0.9 | NA | 6.2 ± 1.1 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | |||||||
| HDL cholesterol | Intervention | 1.5 ± 0.5 | NA | NA | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 0.053 | 0.56 | –0.008 | 0.46 | –0.015 | 0.32 |
| Control | 1.5 ± 0.3 | NA | NA | 1.5 ± 0.3 | |||||||
| LDL cholesterol | Intervention | 4.2 ± 1.0 | NA | NA | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 0.308 | 0.15 | –0.029 | 0.32 | –0.123 | 0.003 |
| Control | 4.0 ± 0.8 | NA | NA | 3.9 ± 1.0 | |||||||
| Triglycerides | Intervention | 1.7 ± 0.9 | NA | NA | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 0.367 | 0.02 | –0.011 | 0.64 | 0.010 | 0.77 |
| Control | 1.4 ± 0.5 | NA | NA | 1.3 ± 0.4 | |||||||
| Fasting BG | Intervention | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 0.286 | 0.04 | 0.055 | 0.05 | –0.023 | 0.54 |
| Control | 5.2 ± 0.7 | NA | 5.3 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | |||||||
[i] BG blood glucose; DBP diastolic blood pressure; HDL high density lipoprotein; LDL low density lipoprotein; SBP systolic blood pressure. NA no measurements taken at time point. Values are expressed as mean (SD). Models are adjusted for sex and age.