Figure 1
Study inclusion/exclusion flow diagram.
Table 1
Demographic and medical characteristics of study population (N = 601 women).
| Characteristic | No. | Percent | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age | 26.6 | 5.7 | ||
| Gravida | 2.2 | 1.4 | ||
| Parity | 1.0 | 1.3 | ||
| Highest education level | ||||
| None | 20 | 3.3 | ||
| Primary | 111 | 18.5 | ||
| Secondary | 248 | 41.3 | ||
| Diploma | 140 | 23.3 | ||
| University degree | 82 | 13.6 | ||
| Occupation | ||||
| Unemployed | 38 | 6.3 | ||
| Homemaker | 168 | 28.0 | ||
| Student | 85 | 14.1 | ||
| Employed | 310 | 51.6 | ||
| Married/cohabitating | 568 | 94.5 | ||
| Health insurance | 297 | 49.4 | ||
| Current pregnancy | ||||
| Gestational age, GA (weeks) | 25.3 | 9.5 | ||
| GA at first visit (weeks) | 17.4 | 7.2 | ||
| Medications | ||||
| CCB | 3 | 0.5 | ||
| HAART | 45 | 7.5 | ||
| Other | 21 | 3.5 | ||
| Previous medical history | ||||
| Suspected cardiac condition | 27 | 4.5 | ||
| Rheumatic fever history | 12 | 2.0 | ||
| Any non-cardiac condition | 97 | 16.2 | ||
| Diabetes | 1 | 0.2 | ||
| Anaemia | 19 | 3.2 | ||
| Chronic hypertension | 1 | 0.2 | ||
| Preeclampsia | 6 | 1.0 | ||
| Pulmonary condition | 15 | 2.5 | ||
| Thyroid condition | 1 | 0.2 | ||
| Sickle cell disease | 1 | 0.2 | ||
| HIV | 45 | 7.5 | ||
| Other condition | 18 | 3.0 | ||
| Mid-trimester loss | 32 | 5.3 | ||
Table 2
Case frequency and prevalence of RHD and other cardiac lesions (N = 601 women).
| Echocardiography findings | No. cases (%) | Prevalenceb (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| RHD-associated lesionsa | 3 (0.5) | 5.0 (1.0–14.5) |
| severe MS, severe TR, PAH | 1 | |
| severe MS, moderate MR+TR, PAH | 1 | |
| moderate AR | 1 | |
| Non-RHD lesions | 10 (1.7) | 16.7 (8.0–30.4) |
| moderate TR | 5 | |
| moderate MR | 1 | |
| BAV, mild AR | 2 | |
| PDA | 1 | |
| unroofed coronary sinus | 1 | |
| Total clinically-relevant lesions | 13 (2.2) | 21.6 (11.6–36.7) |
[i] a Lesions that meet RHD case definition.
b Prevalence per 1,000 pregnant women.
Table 3
Medical history and vital signs of women with and without cardiac lesions (N = 601).
| Characteristic | Cases (n = 13) | Non-cases (n = 588) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean, SD) | 25.4 (4.87) | 26.7 (5.69) | 0.43 |
| BMI, m2/kg (mean, SD) | 24.3 (3.21) | 25.8 (4.52) | 0.24 |
| Symptomatica (n, %) | 2 (15.4) | 60 (10.2) | 0.54 |
| Previous medical history | |||
| Rheumatic fever (n, %) | 1 (7.7) | 11 (1.9) | 0.14 |
| Suspected cardiac condition (n, %) | 3 (23.1) | 24 (4.1) | 0.001* |
| Other medical condition (n, %) | 2 (15.3) | 95 (16.2) | 0.94 |
| Mid-trimester loss (n, %) | 0 (0) | 32 (5.4) | 0.49 |
| Vital signs | |||
| HR (mean, SD) | 85 (9.8) | 89 (13.0) | 0.31 |
| sBP (mean, SD) | 98 (12.0) | 106 (13.4) | 0.03 |
| dBP (mean, SD) | 73 (18.2) | 70 (9.9) | 0.25 |
| SaO2, % (mean, SD) | 94.3 (7.5) | 95.7 (2.0) | 0.05 |
[i] a Any chest pain, shortness-of-breath, palpitations, vertigo, light-headedness.
* Statistically significant following Benjamini-Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons.