Figure 1
Monthly CEVD deaths during 2014–2017. Generally CEVD deaths of women were more than those of men, and CEVD deaths were more in cold season than in warm season in both men and women.
Table 1
Descriptives of daily CEVD deaths during 2014–2017.
| Year | Total | Men | Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Counts | Daily Mean | SD | Counts | Daily Mean | SD | Counts | Daily Mean | SD | |
| 2014 | 6393 | 17.52 | 4.62 | 3670 | 10.05 | 3.42 | 2723 | 7.46 | 2.80 |
| 2015 | 6499 | 18.10 | 4.65 | 3746 | 10.43 | 3.26 | 2753 | 7.67 | 2.89 |
| 2016 | 6844 | 18.70 | 4.67 | 3983 | 10.88 | 3.36 | 2861 | 7.82 | 3.00 |
| 2017 | 7045 | 19.30 | 5.41 | 4078 | 11.17 | 4.00 | 2967 | 8.13 | 2.99 |
| All Time | 26781 | 18.41 | 4.89 | 15477 | 10.64 | 3.55 | 11304 | 7.77 | 2.93 |
Table 2
Cumulative ERR10 of each pollutant at different lags (Unit: %).
| Lags | Pollutants | Single-pollutant model | Two-pollutant model | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | All | Men | Women | All | ||||||||
| ERR | Sig | ERR | Sig | ERR | Sig | ERR | Sig | ERR | Sig | ERR | Sig | ||
| lag0-1 | PM2.5 | –0.07 | –0.03 | –0.01 | –0.07 | –0.08 | –0.04 | ||||||
| PM10 | 0.05 | –0.06 | 0.03 | 0.05 | –0.09 | 0.01 | |||||||
| O3 | 0.09 | 1.42 | * | 1.01 | * | 0.1 | 1.43 | * | 1.02 | * | |||
| lag0-2 | PM2.5 | –0.13 | –0.04 | –0.06 | –0.13 | –0.09 | –0.1 | ||||||
| PM10 | –0.04 | –0.1 | –0.05 | –0.04 | –0.12 | –0.07 | |||||||
| O3 | 0.08 | 1.32 | * | 0.94 | * | 0.09 | 1.33 | * | 0.95 | * | |||
| lag0-3 | PM2.5 | –0.07 | –0.05 | –0.06 | –0.08 | –0.08 | –0.09 | ||||||
| PM10 | 0.02 | –0.12 | –0.05 | 0.01 | –0.13 | –0.06 | |||||||
| O3 | 0.49 | * | 1.07 | * | 0.74 | * | 0.5 | * | 1.08 | * | 0.74 | * | |
| lag0-5 | PM2.5 | –0.08 | –0.02 | –0.06 | –0.09 | –0.04 | –0.08 | ||||||
| PM10 | –0.02 | –0.05 | –0.04 | –0.03 | –0.06 | –0.05 | |||||||
| O3 | 0.39 | * | 0.75 | * | 0.54 | * | 0.4 | * | 0.76 | * | 0.55 | * | |
| lag0-7 | PM2.5 | –0.13 | –0.03 | –0.09 | –0.14 | –0.05 | –0.1 | ||||||
| PM10 | –0.05 | –0.05 | –0.05 | –0.06 | –0.06 | –0.06 | |||||||
| O3 | 0.31 | * | 0.62 | * | 0.43 | * | 0.32 | * | 0.62 | * | 0.44 | * | |
Figure 2
The associations between ambient air pollution and daily CEVD mortality. O3 seems to be the most suspicious pollutant that leads to excess CEVD mortality. Generally women with CEVD were more vulnerable to ambient air pollutants.
Table 3
Seasonal analyses of the associations between short-term ambient air pollution exposure and CEVD death.
| Group | Lags | Pollutant | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ERR | Sig | ERR | Sig | ERR | Sig | ERR | Sig | |||
| Women | lag0-1 | PM2.5 | –0.1 | –0.07 | 0.05 | 0.18 | ||||
| PM10 | –0.28 | –0.35 | 0.06 | 0.2 | ||||||
| O3 | 1.39 | * | 0.07 | 1.51 | * | 4.12 | * | |||
| lag0-2 | PM2.5 | 0.19 | –0.11 | 0.03 | –0.24 | |||||
| PM10 | –0.16 | –0.39 | 0.04 | –0.09 | ||||||
| O3 | 1.65 | * | 0.32 | 0.9 | 3.2 | * | ||||
| lag0-3 | PM2.5 | 0.06 | –0.54 | 0.05 | –0.26 | |||||
| PM10 | –0.18 | –0.8 | 0.05 | –0.15 | ||||||
| O3 | 1.25 | * | 0.34 | 0.45 | 2.78 | * | ||||
| lag0-5 | PM2.5 | 0.2 | –0.66 | 0.13 | –0.41 | * | ||||
| PM10 | 0.11 | –0.75 | 0.13 | –0.18 | ||||||
| O3 | 1.36 | * | 0.29 | –0.2 | 2.23 | * | ||||
| lag0-7 | PM2.5 | 0.13 | –0.72 | 0.08 | –0.25 | |||||
| PM10 | 0.02 | –0.9 | * | 0.09 | –0.04 | |||||
| O3 | 1.37 | * | 0.33 | –0.31 | 2.44 | * | ||||
| Men | lag0-1 | PM2.5 | –0.29 | –1.68 | 0.04 | –0.12 | ||||
| PM10 | 0.67 | * | –0.89 | –0.02 | 0.22 | |||||
| O3 | 1.29 | * | –0.13 | –0.99 | 1.57 | |||||
| lag0-2 | PM2.5 | –0.29 | –1.48 | –0.06 | –0.27 | |||||
| PM10 | 0.25 | –0.9 | –0.1 | 0.08 | ||||||
| O3 | 1.24 | * | –0.11 | –1.04 | 1.41 | |||||
| lag0-3 | PM2.5 | –0.69 | –1.41 | * | –0.1 | –0.12 | ||||
| PM10 | –0.03 | –0.93 | * | –0.11 | 0.17 | |||||
| O3 | 1.47 | * | –0.05 | –1.14 | * | 1.04 | ||||
| lag0-5 | PM2.5 | –0.61 | –2.01 | * | –0.17 | 0.03 | ||||
| PM10 | –0.02 | –1.47 | * | –0.17 | 0.18 | |||||
| O3 | 0.99 | * | –0.03 | –0.8 | 1.34 | * | ||||
| lag0-7 | PM2.5 | –0.6 | –1.16 | * | –0.28 | * | 0.12 | |||
| PM10 | –0.02 | –1.33 | * | –0.27 | * | 0.23 | * | |||
| O3 | 0.54 | –0.14 | –0.63 | 1.57 | * | |||||
Figure 3
Comparison of Seasonal exposure-response curves of PM2.5-CEVD mortality between men and women. Most curves of both men and women tended to be non-linear, and the RRs of women were generally larger than those of men. However, men CEVD mortality were shown to be more vulnerable to PM2.5 in winter.
Figure 4
Comparison of Seasonal exposure-response curves of PM10-CEVD mortality between men and women. Some curves showed both non-linear and generally increasing or decreasing trend, which may provide a possible explanation for the insignificant associations between PMs and daily CEVD deaths. Generally women were more vulnerable to PM10 in spring and summer, but men were more vulnerable in autumn and winter.
Figure 5
Comparison of Seasonal exposure-response curves of O3-CEVD mortality between men and women. Significant differences of gender-based vulnerability were observed. In spring and autumn, men were more vulnerable, but in the other seasons women were more vulnerable.