Table 1
Description of patient characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, and air pollutants.
| Overall | Europe | Croatia | Denmark | Ireland | Italy | NI | Russia | Romania | KSA | Taiwan | Beijing | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 8392 | 5001 | 1223 | 300 | 1716 | 771 | 159 | 463 | 369 | 1509 | 732 | 1150 |
| No. of Centre | 71 | 51 | 8 | 1 | 11 | 14 | 2 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 12 |
| Age, years | 64.9 ± 11.2 | 64.9 ± 10.7 | 65.2 ± 10.8 | 65.5 ± 11.6 | 63.6 ± 10.4 | 68.2 ± 10.1 | 63.9 ± 11.0 | 65.1 ± 10.0 | 62.6 ± 11.8 | 62.2 ± 12.1 | 67.0 ± 13.0 | 66.7 ± 9.5 |
| Women, % | 29.6 | 26.8 | 30.8 | 28.0 | 23.0 | 21.5 | 20.8 | 38.4 | 28.5 | 26.4 | 30.7 | 45.3 |
| PM2.5 WHO | 38.1 ± 34.5 | 15.8 ± 5.7 | 20.7 ± 2.6 | 11.2* | 10.1 ± 0.27 | 22.6 ± 7.4 | 10.6 ± 0.6 | 16.7 ± 4.4 | 20.5 ± 3.1 | 92.7 ± 31.6 | 34.1 ± 3.9 | 67.4 ± 14.7 |
| PM2.5 Local | NA | 15.0 ± 5.9 | 19.6 ± 4.1 | 10.6* | 10.5 ± 0.5 | 20.3 ± 7.2 | 10.2 ± 1.0 | NA | 16.4 ± 3.4 | NA | NA | 86.3 ± 12.6 |
| Smoker, % | 16.1 | 17.9 | 20.5 | 23.2 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 20.0 | 25.5 | 17.3 | 10.3 | 20.0 | 12.3 |
| Exercise, % | 54.2 | 57.2 | 55.0 | 25.3 | 69.2 | 46.0 | 44.1 | 62.4 | 53.4 | 45 | 48.8 | 56.4 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.1 ± 34.5 | 28.6 ± 4.7 | 28.7 ± 4.2 | 28.3 ± 4.8 | 29.0 ± 5.0 | 26.9 ± 4.0 | 30.7 ± 5.5 | 29.5 ± 5.1 | 28.5 ± 4.5 | 30.3 ± 6.0 | 28.0 ± 4.0 | 25.0 ± 2.9 |
| HTN, % | 74.5 | 71.7 | 83.5 | 63.6 | 58.6 | 72.8 | 63.0 | 88.9 | 75.5 | 83.9 | 70.8 | 81.2 |
| Diabetes, % | 34.2 | 25.2 | 3.0 | NA | 17.9 | 30.2 | 14.8 | 24.0 | 26.7 | 76.1 | 35.8 | 45.8 |
| Hyperlipidaemia, % | 67.6 | 68.7 | 31.9 | 70.6 | 68.9 | 68.1 | 64.6 | 62.2 | 56.4 | 88.9 | 49.4 | 42.7 |
| SBP, mmHg | 131.1 ± 18.4 | 132.1 ± 19.3 | 133 ± 20.2 | 131 ± 19.4 | 134.2 ± 18.5 | 128.1 ± 18.9 | 121.8 ± 15.5 | 140.0 ± 14.5 | 136.5 ± 23.4 | 128.1 ± 17.0 | 131.5 ± 19.4 | 129.9 ± 13.2 |
| DBP, mmHg | 75.8 ± 10.9 | 76.7 ± 10.7 | 79.9 ± 11.6 | 76.0 ± 10.4 | 74.3 ± 10.0 | 75.4 ± 9.3 | 71.3 ± 8.1 | 79.9 ± 9.1 | 79.9 ± 12.7 | 71.3 ± 10.3 | 75.8 ± 12.7 | 77.5 ± 8.8 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.2 ± 1.5 | 4.3 ± 1.7 | 4.7 ± 1.7 | 4.1 ± 0.9 | 4.0 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 2.2 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 1.8 | 4.9 ± 2.7 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 1.0 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 3.5 ± 2.0 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 0.9 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.4 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 7.5 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 2.6 | 6.4 ± 2.4 | 5.8 ± 1.4 | 6.1 ± 1.8 | 6.4 ± 2.6 | 5.3 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 2.7 | 7.8 ± 3.6 | 6.5 ± 2.5 | 6.2 ± 1.6 |
[i] EU: Europe; NI: Northern Ireland; KSA: Saudi Arabia; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; NA: not applicable. ‘Smoker’ was recorded as current smoker; ‘Exercise’ was recorded as adequate physical activities.
Numeric variables are mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables are percentage. Units are years for age, kg/m2 for BMI, mmHg for SBP and DBP, mmol/L for TC, LDL, HDL, and glucose, and μg/m3 for PM2.5.
* Only one centre from Denmark participated in SURF so standard deviation could not be provided.
Figure 1
Changes (95% CI) in blood pressure increase in PM2.5 derived from World Health Organization.
SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.
All analyses were applied with generalized estimating equation model with centre clustered. ‘Full’ adjustment was sex, age, and risk factors (exercise, smoking status, and body mass index). ‘Full+country’ was sex, age, risk factors (exercise, smoking status, and body mass index), and country. Results are presented as changes in mmHg (95% CI).
‘Global*’ presented results are based on all participating countries except China; ‘Global**’ presented results are based on all participating countries except Saudi Arabia.
Figure 2
Changes (95% CI) in lipids (Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol) increase in PM2.5 derived from World Health Organization.
TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
All analyses were applied with generalized estimating equation model with centre clustered. ‘Full’ adjustment was sex, age, and risk factors (exercise, smoking status, and body mass index). ‘Full+country’ was sex, age, risk factors (exercise, smoking status, and body mass index), and country. Results presented as changes in mmol/L (95% CI).
‘Global*’ presented results are based on all participating countries except China; ‘Global**’ presented results are based on all participating countries except Saudi Arabia.
Globally, an increase of 10 μg/m3 PM2.5 was associated with an increased glucose level by 0.10 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.03 to 0.16). For Europe the increase in glucose was 0.30 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.53) (Figure 3). These associations, however, disappeared after adjustment for country.
Figure 3
Changes (95% CI) in glucose increase in PM2.5 derived from World Health Organization.
All analyses were applied with generalized estimating equation model with centre clustered. ‘Full’ adjustment was sex, age, and risk factors (exercise, smoking status, and body mass index). ‘Full+country’ was sex, age, risk factors (exercise, smoking status, and body mass index), and country. Results are presented as changes in mmol/L (95% CI).
‘Global*’ presented results are based on all participating countries except China; ‘Global**’ presented results are based on all participating countries except Saudi Arabia.