Figure 1
Study flow chart.
Figure 2
ECG register with KardiaMobile-6L.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of the patients.
| Variable | Total (n = 168) | 12-lead ECG (basal and follow-up) (n = 119) | 12-lead ECG (basal) and Handheld device (follow-up) (n = 50) | Handheld device (basal and follow-up) (n = 13) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 66.5 ± 14.6 | 67.4 ± 14.7 | 64.5 ± 14.1 | 66.1 ± 16.0 | 0.342 |
| Male, n (%) | 106 (58.2) | 75 (63.0) | 22 (44.0) | 9 (69.2) | 0.051 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 86 (47.3) | 59 (49.6) | 23 (46.0) | 4 (30.8) | 0.426 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 38 (20.9) | 22 (18.5) | 12 (24.0) | 4 (30.8) | 0.416 |
| Ischemic heart disease, n (%) | 13 (7.1) | 10 (8.4) | 3 (6.0) | 0 (0) | 0.717 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 36 (19.8) | 23 (19.3) | 11 (22.0) | 2 (15.4) | 0.869 |
| Length of stay (days), mean ± SD | 10.2 ± 5.3 | 10.1 ± 5.5 | 10.7 ± 5.2 | 9 ± 4.5 | 0.314 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl), mean ± SD | 1.26 ± 1.3 | 1.31 ± 1.4 | 1.02 ± 0.4 | 1.70 ± 2.4 | 0.284 |
| Loop diuretic in-hospital, n (%) | 31 (17.1) | 22 (18.5) | 8 (16.3) | 1 (7.7) | 0.730 |
| CURB 65 at admission ≥ 2 (%) | 73 (40.6) | 56 (47.5) | 14 (28.0) | 3 (25.0) | 0.033 |
| Tisdale score at admission, mean ± SD | 8.1 ± 2.4 | 8.2 ± 2.4 | 7.9 ± 2.6 | 8.2 ± 2.4 | 0.819 |
| ≥2 QTc prolonging drug, n (%) | 175 (96.2) | 117 (98.3) | 45 (90.0) | 13 (100) | 0.049 |
[i] ECG: Electrocardiogram; QTc: Corrected QT interval; n: number of patients; SD: Standard deviation.
Table 2
ECG findings in the three monitoring groups.
| Variable | Total (n = 168) | 12-lead ECG (basal and follow-up) (n = 119) | 12-lead ECG (basal) and Handheld device (follow-up) (n = 50) | Handheld device (basal and follow-up) (n = 13) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sinus rhythm, n (%) | 165 (90.7) | 108 (90.8) | 45 (90.0) | 12 (92.3) | 1.000 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 17 (9.3) | 11 (9.2) | 5 (10) | 1 (7.7) | 1.000 |
| Pacemaker, n (%) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.119 |
| Baseline heart rate (bpm), mean ± SD | 88.9 ± 19.4 | 89.6 ± 20.0 | 87.1 ± 19.3 | 88.5 ± 14.9 | 0.749 |
| Baseline QTc (ms), mean ± SD | 411.5 ± 34.0 | 412.5 ± 34.7 | 408.02 ± 32.9 | 416.5 ± 33.9 | 0.631 |
| QTc peak (ms), mean ± SD | 436.9 ± 35.9 | 437.8 ± 38.6 | 434.06 ± 28.1 | 440.2 ± 39.0 | 0.784 |
| QTc change from baseline (ms), mean ± SD | 25.4 ± 35.1 | 25.3 ± 37.0 | 26.0 ± 33.8 | 23.8 ± 22.7 | 0.864 |
| QTc prolongation 60 (ms), n (%) | 24 (13.2) | 16 (13.5) | 7 (14) | 1 (7.7) | 1.000 |
| QTc peak 500 ms, n (%) | 9 (5.0) | 6 (5.0) | 2 (4.0) | 1 (7.7) | 0.723 |
| QTc peak 500 ms and/or QTc prolongation 60 ms, n (%) | 30 (16.5) | 19 (16.0) | 9 (18.0) | 2 (15.4) | 0.946 |
[i] ECG: Electrocardiogram; QTc: Corrected QT interval; bpm: beats per minute; ms: milliseconds; n: number of patients; SD: Standard deviation.
Figure 3
In-hospital QTc changes from baseline to peak during COVID 19 treatment documented with 12-lead ECG and/o 6-lead handheld ECG device.
Figure 4
Time of ECG registry for conventional 12-lead ECG and the handheld ECG device in the control group and the COVID-19 cohort.