Health System Capacity and Access Barriers to Diagnosis and Treatment of CVD and Diabetes in Nepal
References
- World Health Organization.
Global Health Estimates 2016: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2016 [Internet] . Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Retrieved from:https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GHE2016_Deaths_WBInc_2000_2016.xls . - World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- World Health Organization. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) [Internet]. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) (accessed 12 January 2021). - World Health Organization. Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013–2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
- Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
Sustainable Development Goals: Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development . New York: United Nations; A/RES70/1. Retrieved fromhttps://sdgs.un.org/goals (accessed 12 December 2020). - Yusuf S, Wood D, Ralston J, Reddy KS. The World Heart Federation’s vision for worldwide cardiovascular disease prevention. Lancet. 2015; 386(9991): 399–402. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60265-3
- World Health Organization. Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013–2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
- World Health Organization. Methodology to measure access to medicines for Sustainable Development Goal Indicator SDG 3.b.3. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. Retrieved from:
https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/policy/monitoring/methodology_access_medicines_SDG_3_b_3/en/ (accessed 17 April 2021). - Sharma A, Rorden L, Ewen M, Laing R. Evaluating availability and price of essential medicines in Boston area (Massachusetts, USA) using WHO/HAI methodology. J of Pharm Policy and Pract. 2016; 9: 12. DOI: 10.1186/s40545-016-0059-5
- Asian Development Bank. [Internet]. Manila: The Bank’ 2010. Poverty Data: Nepal. Retrieved from
www.adb.org/countries/nepal/poverty (24 Feburary 2020). - Mishra SR, Neupane D, Bhandari PM, Khanal V, Kallestrup P. Burgeoning burden of non-communicable diseases in Nepal: a scoping review. Global Health. 2015; 11: 32. DOI: 10.1186/s12992-015-0119-7
- Sharma A, Mishra SR, Kaplan WA. Trade in medicines and the public’s health: A time series analysis of import disruptions during the 2015 India-Nepal border blockade. Global Health. 2017; 13: 61. DOI: 10.1186/s12992-017-0282-0
- World Health Organization. New Essential Medicines and Diagnostics Lists published today [Internet]. Geneva: The Organization; 2019. Retrieved from
www.who.int/medicines/news/2019/updates-global-guidance-on-medicines-and-diagnostic-tests/en/ (accessed 25 June 2020). - Saito E, Gilmour S, Rahman MM, Gautam GS, Shrestha PK, Shibuya K. Catastrophic household expenditure on health in Nepal: A cross-sectional survey. Bull. World Health Organization. 2014; 92(10): 760–7. DOI: 10.2471/BLT.13.126615
- Mishra SR, Khanal P, Karki DK, Kallestrup P, Enemark U. National health insurance policy in Nepal: challenges for implementation. Glob Health Action. 2015; 8(1): 28763. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v8.28763
- Wirtz VJ, Kaplan WA, Kwan GF, Laing RO. Access to medications for cardiovascular diseases in low-and middle-income countries. Circulation. 2016; 133(21): 2076–85. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.008722
- Nguyen TA, Knight R, Roughead EE, Brooks G, Mant A. Policy options for pharmaceutical pricing and purchasing: Issues for low-and middle-income countries. Health Policy Plan. 2015; 30(2): 267–80. DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czt105
- World Health Organization. Package of Essential Noncommunicable (PEN) Disease Interventions for Primary Health Care in low-Resource Settings. Geneva: The Organization, 2010. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/nmh/publications/essential_ncd_interventions_lr_settings.pdf (accessed 04 July 2020). - World Health Organization and Health Action International. Measuring medicine prices, availability, affordability and price components 2nd Edition. Geneva: The Organizations; 2008. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/access/OMS_Medicine_prices.pdf . Accessed 5 Sept 2014. - World Health Organization. WHO/HAI Project on Medicine Prices and Availability [Internet]. 2020. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/access/Medicine_Prices_and_Availability/en/ (accessed 19 June 2020). - Ewen M, Zweekhorst M, Regeer B, Laing R. Baseline assessment of WHO’s target for both availability and affordability of essential medicines to treat non-communicable diseases. PLoS ONE. 2017; 12(2):
e0171284 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171284 - van Mourik MS, Cameron A, Ewen M, Laing RO. Availability, price and affordability of cardiovascular medicines: a comparison across 36 countries using WHO/HAI data. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2010; 10(1): 25. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-10-25
- Penchansky R, Thomas JW. The concept of access: Definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Med Care. 1981; 19(2): 127–40. DOI: 10.1097/00005650-198102000-00001
- Wirtz VJ, Moucheraud C. Beyond availability and affordability: How access to medicines affects non-communicable disease outcomes. Lancet Public Health. 2017; 2(9): e390–e1. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30168-8
- Sharma J, Aryal A, Thapa GK. Envisioning a high-quality health system in Nepal: If not now, when? Lancet Glob Health. 2018; 6(11): e1146–e8. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30322-X
- World Health Organization. HEARTS: Technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. Geneva: The Organization; 2016. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/hearts/Hearts_package.pdf (accessed 13 January 2021). - Management Sciences for Health (MSH).
International Medical Products Price Guide, 2015 Edition . Medford, MA: MSH; 2016. Retrieved fromhttps://www.msh.org/resources/international-medical-products-price-guide (25 June 2020). - Zeldin W. Nepal: Minimum Wage Increased. Library of Congress [Internet] 23 May 2016 Retrieved from
http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/nepal-minimum-wage-increased/ (accessed 20 June 2020). - Mishra SR, Shrestha N, Poudyal IP, et al. May Measurement Month 2017: An analysis of blood pressure screening results in Nepal – South Asia. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2019; 21(Suppl D): D83–D85. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/suz063
- Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM. Concurrent and predictive validity of a self-reported measure of medication adherence. Med Care. 1986; 24(1): 67–74. DOI: 10.1097/00005650-198601000-00007
- Sison G.
The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale: An Overview . [Internet] Seattle, WA: Pillsy; 2018. Retrieved fromwww.pillsy.com/articles/the-morisky-medication-adherence-scale-definition-alternatives-and-overview (accessed 26 June 2020). - Salam A, Huffman MD, Kanukula R, et al. Two-drug fixed-dose combinations of blood pressure-lowering drugs as WHO essential medicines: An overview of efficacy, safety, and cost. J Clin Hypertens. 2020; 22: 1769–79. DOI: 10.1111/jch.14009
- Satheesh G, Sharma A, Puthean S, et al. Availability, price and affordability of essential medicines for managing cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: A statewide survey in Kerala, India. Trop Med Int Health. 2020; 25: 1467–79. DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13494
- Mishra SR, Shrestha N, Gyawali B, et al. The changing patterns of Non-communicable diseases and injuries in Nepal from 1990–2017: A review of evidence from Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Preprint (Version 1). Research Square. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-29890/v1
- Gyawali B, Mishra SR, Ghimire S, et al. The burden and correlates of multiple cardiometabolic risk factors in a semi-urban population of Nepal: A community-based cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2019; 9: 15382. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51454-9
- Gyawali B, Sharma R, Neupane D, Mishra SR, van Teijlingen E, Kallestrup P. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Nepal: A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2000 to 2014. Global Heath Action. 2015; 8(1): 29088. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v8.29088
- Gyawali B, Hansen MRH, Povlsen MB, et al. Awareness, prevalence, treatment, and control of type 2 diabetes in a semi-urban area of Nepal: Findings from a cross-sectional study conducted as a part of COBIN-D trial. PloS ONE. 2018; 13(11):
e0206491 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206491 - Ringborg A, Cropet C, Jönsson B, Gagliardino JJ, Ramachandran A, Lindgren P. Resource use associated with type 2 diabetes in Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa: results from the International Diabetes Management Practices Study (IDMPS). Int J Clin Pract. 2009; 63(7): 997–1007. DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02098.x
- Clark A, Jit M, Warren-Gash C, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of the population at increased risk of severe COVID-19 due to underlying health conditions in 2020: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2020; 8(8): E1003–17. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30264-3
- Kaplan WA, Wirtz VJ, Stephens P. The market dynamics of generic medicines in the private sector of 19 low and middle income countries between 2001 and 2011: A descriptive time series analysis. PloS ONE. 2013; 8(9):
e74399 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074399 - Khanal S, Veerman L, Ewen M, Nissen L, Hollingworth S. Availability, price, and affordability of essential medicines to manage noncommunicable diseases: A national survey from Nepal. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing. 2019; 56: 0046958019887572. DOI: 10.1177/0046958019887572
- Sharma A, Bhandari PM, Neupane D, Kaplan WA, Mishra SR. Challenges constraining insulin access in Nepal—a country with no local insulin production. Int Health. 2018; 10(3): 182–90. DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihy012
- Adhikari SR, Sapkota DS, Thapa A, Pandey AR. Evaluation of Nepal’s Free Health Care Scheme from Health System Perspective: A Qualitative Analysis. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2018; 16(41): 372–7. DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v16i41.1584
- Leslie HH, Spiegelman D, Zhou X, Kruk ME. Service readiness of health facilities in Bangladesh, Haiti, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nepal, Rwanda, Senegal, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Bull World Health Organ. 2017; 95(11): 738–48. DOI: 10.2471/BLT.17.191916
- Aryal BK, Daud M, Thapa A, Mahotra A, Magar SA, Malla CK. Assessment of health facilities for implementation of package of essential non-communicable disease in Nepal: Baseline study in Kailali and Ilam District. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2018; 16(2): 149–55. DOI: 10.3126/jnhrc.v16i2.20301
- Hailemichael Y, Hanlon C, Tirfessa K, et al. Catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment in households of persons with depression: A cross-sectional, comparative study in rural Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2019; 19(1): 930. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7239-6
- Khanal MK, Ahmed MM, Moniruzzaman M, et al. Prevalence and clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors in rural Nepalese population aged 40–80 years. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18(1): 667. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5600-9
- Singh D, Luz ACG, Rattanavipapong W, Teerawattananon Y. Designing the free drugs list in Nepal: A balancing act between technical strengths and policy processes. MDM Policy & Practice. 2017; 2(1): 2381468317691766. DOI: 10.1177/2381468317691766
- Thapa R, Bam K, Tiwari P, Sinha TK, Dahal S. Implementing federalism in the health system of Nepal: opportunities and challenges. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2019; 8(4): 195–8. DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2018.121
- World Bank. [Internet]. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2019. New government report takes stock of federalism in Nepal. Retrieved from
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/12/17/new-government-report-takes-stock-of-federalism-in-nepal (accessed 26 June 2020). - Ranabhat CL, Subedi R, Karn S. Status and determinants of enrollment and dropout of health insurance in Nepal: An explorative study. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 1 October 2020; 18: 40. DOI: 10.1186/s12962-020-00227-7
- Ghimire P, Sapkota VP, Poudyal AK. Factors Associated with Enrolment of Households in Nepal’s National Health Insurance Program. Int J Health Policy Manag. 1 November 2019; 8(11): 636–645. DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2019.54
- Beaney T, Schutte AE, Tomaszewski M, et al. May Measurement Month 2017: An analysis of blood pressure screening results worldwide. Lancet Glob Health. July 2018; 6(7): e736–e743.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.927 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179
Language: English
Submitted on: Sep 23, 2020
Accepted on: Mar 26, 2021
Published on: May 18, 2021
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
© 2021 Abhishek Sharma, Warren A. Kaplan, Gautam Satheesh, Indra Prasad Poudyal, Pawan Gyawali, Dinesh Neupane, Parash Mani Bhandari, Milan Malla, Surendra Sapkota, Shiva Raj Mishra, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.