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Assessing the Policy Landscape for Salt Reduction in South-East Asian and Latin American Countries – An Initiative Towards Developing an Easily Accessible, Integrated, Searchable Online Repository Cover

Assessing the Policy Landscape for Salt Reduction in South-East Asian and Latin American Countries – An Initiative Towards Developing an Easily Accessible, Integrated, Searchable Online Repository

Open Access
|Jul 2021

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Summary of overall CVD mortality, CVD mortality due to diets high in sodium, mean salt intakes (g/d) and existing salt reduction policies and actions in the selected South-East Asian countries.

CountryOverall CVD mortalityCVD mortality due to diets high in sodiumMean salt consumption (g/d)Salt reduction policyActions
Bangladesh298.0
(269.6–326.2)
36.4
(6.6–75.1)
9.0Unavailable
  • Salt reduction campaigns.

  • Consumer awareness through mass media and social media.

Bhutan217.1
(182.5–255.0)
29.9
(6.3–60.3)
9.0National Salt Reduction Strategy (2018–2023)
  • Strengthening regulatory measures.

  • Increasing knowledge and awareness.

  • Promoting healthy settings.

  • Strengthening evidence generation, monitoring and evaluation.

India282.3
(265.0–293.3)
16.5
(1.7–44.6)
9.0NCD Multisectoral Action Plan (2017–2022)
  • Legislation developed on nutrient content panel that includes salt.

  • Policy on front of pack food labelling drafting in process.

  • Voluntary pledges by industry to reduce salt, sugar and fat.

Indonesia342.9
(324.4–364.7)
69.8
(28.0–116.2)
9.0National Action Plan on NCDs 2015–19 and 2020–2024
  • Developed and adapted national policies on population salt reduction.

  • Conducting a total dietary survey and RISKESDAS (a national household survey) for verifying achievement of 10% salt reduction by 2019 target; i.e., a 10% reduction in salt intake.

Maldives164.9
(154.3–175.6)
32.7
(13.8–54.7)
8.0Multisectoral Action Plan for Prevention & Control of Non-communicable 2016–2020
  • Improving consumer knowledge and awareness.

  • Conducting a pilot study on salt consumption.

Nepal260.8
(227.6–292.3)
29.1
(4.2–63.3)
10.0Multisectoral Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (2014–2020)
  • Carrying out a STEPS survey to assess age-standardized mean population intake of salt/sodium (gm/day) among those aged 18+years.

Sri-Lanka197.1
(171.6–220.2)
36.4
(13.4–62.0)
10.0National Salt reduction strategy (2018–2020)
  • Developing regulations.

  • Obligating the food industry to promote food reformulation.

  • Implementing a colour-coded labelling strategy (includes front of pack labelling and traffic light labelling to be implemented by 2019).

  • Enforcing salt-reduction laws.

  • Enhancing consumer knowledge and awareness (a sodium reduction behavior changes under development).

Thailand109.9
(100.5–121.5)
19.1
(7.2–32.7)
13.0Salt and Sodium reduction Policy (2016–2025)
  • Labelling and legislation (include mandatory nutrient content labelling).

  • Product reformulation.

  • Consumer knowledge and awareness.

  • Developing a nation-wide salt reduction campaign.

  • Reforming environment by promoting availability of low salt products and food options.

  • Developing monitoring tools and evaluating data on salt consumption trends.

Table 2

Summary of overall CVD mortality, CVD mortality due to diets high in sodium, mean salt intakes (g/d) and existing salt reduction policies and actions in the selected Latin American countries.

CountryOverall CVD mortalityCVD mortality due to diets high in sodiumMean salt consumption (g/d)Salt reduction policyActions
Argentina191.0
(174.9–209.0)
16.0
(1.2–38.3)
8.0Unavailable
  • Survey determining an acceptable concentration of salt for consumers.

  • Agreements with bakery industries to reduce the amount of sodium in processed foods.

  • Conducting local and national evaluation to monitor sodium content.

Brazil178.0
(175.9–180.0)
20.0
(3.7–41.1)
10.0Unavailable
  • Reduction of sodium amount in processed foods.

  • Educational sessions for increasing population’s awareness.

  • Developing nutritional practice guidelines.

Chile128.0
(117.0–139.5)
18.1
(3.7–35.3)
7.0Unavailable
  • Educational awareness campaigns for decreasing added salt in processed foods.

  • Efforts towards decreasing the concentration of salt in bread across nation.

Colombia124.2
(113.7–135.4)
14.7
(2.9–29.9)
10.0Unavailable
  • Voluntary agreements with the food industry and research on communication.

  • Designing the protocol to determine the baseline sodium intake.

Peru85.8
(75.7–96.1)
12.7
(0.9–29.6)
8.0Ley de la Alimentación Saludable: Manual de Advertencias Publicitarias (2018)
  • Labeling products containing high salt.

Uruguay160.7
(147.3–174.8)
9.0
(0.1–27.7)
7.0Unavailable
  • Banning table salt and salty condiments from restaurants.

  • Implementing low salt options in restaurants.

Costa Rica138.0
(130.1–146.5)
7.2
(0.1–22.4)
8.0The National Plan to Reduce Public Consumption of Salt/Sodium in Costa Rica (2011–2021)
  • Determining sodium intake and salt/sodium content of widely consumed foods.

  • Identifying consumer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours regarding salt/sodium intake, and nutritional labeling.

  • Promoting behavioural changes among the general population to reduce dietary salt intake.

  • Implementing strategies to reduce the salt/sodium content of processed foods and foods prepared at home.

  • Monitoring and evaluation of salt/sodium intake in population.

Cuba191.0
(174.1–208.8)
8.9
(1.2–19.6)
7.0National Program of Non-Communicable Diseases (2010)
  • Mass media campaigns.

  • Nutrition labelling (including salt).

  • Workshops on dietary salt reduction.

  • National implementation of Cuban dietary guidelines.

  • Conducting studies on knowledge attitudes and beliefs.

  • Coordinating salt reduction program with the iodine supplementation program.

Mexico152.8
(149.8–156.2)
20.4
(4.0–38.9)
7.0National Agreement for Nutritional Health—Strategy to Control Overweight and Obesity (2010)
  • Limiting the amount of sodium added to foods.

  • Reducing dietary sodium intake.

Figure 1

Summary of findings from Pub-med database for selected South-East Asian and Latin American countries.

Figure 2

Map of selected South-East Asian countries highlighting the presence of salt reduction policies.

Figure 3

Map of selected Latin American countries highlighting the presence of salt reduction policies.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.929 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179
Language: English
Submitted on: Sep 25, 2020
Accepted on: Jun 30, 2021
Published on: Jul 15, 2021
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2021 Aprajita Kaushik, Frank Peralta-Alvarez, Priti Gupta, Juan Carlos Bazo-Alvarez, Sandra Ofori, Kirsty Bobrow, Dan Monyeki, Renzo R. Guinto, Jill Baumgartner, Sailesh Mohan, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.