Figure 1.
Average costs by age group.
Figure 2.
Relationship between age and the number of chronic conditions (ETGs).
Figure 3.
Average costs by co-morbidity for the 3+ conditions group.
Table 1.
Measures of performance for the log-linear model (LLM) and generalised linear model (GLM) – 3+ group
PC, primary care; IP, inpatient; OP, outpatient: A&E, accident and emergency; CM, community care; MH, mental health care; SC, social care; CC, continuing care; RMSE, Root mean square error; MAPE, Mean absolute prediction error.
Table 3.
Summary statistics – utilisation per person and average costs (£), 2012–2013
*average costs calculated averaging over those with positive costs; **average total costs calculated averaging over the whole sample; ***p-values of independent t-tests comparing costs for those with positive costs in the 3+ group and the rest of population.
Table 4.
Influence of characteristics in explaining positive costs for the whole population
PC, primary care; IP, inpatient; OP, outpatient: A&E, accident and emergency; CM, community care; MH, mental health care; SC, social care; CC, continuing care
+COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OPD, occupational pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease.
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
Table 5.
Influence of characteristics in explaining positive costs for those with 3+ conditions
PC, primary care; IP, inpatient; OP, outpatient: A&E, accident and emergency; CM, community care; MH, mental health care; SC, social care; CC, continuing care.
+COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OPD, occupational pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease.
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.