Table 1
Assessment of Factors Associated with Readmission Risk.
| Questions* | |
|---|---|
| 1. | Do you live alone [23]? (Yes, no) |
| 2. | Self-rated health: In general, would you say your health is: excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor [26, 28]? |
| 3. | Right now, on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 representing no pain, 5 moderate pain, and 10 the worst pain imaginable, how much pain do you have [29]? |
| 4. | Have you had a hospitalization or emergency dept visit in the last year [19, 21]? (Yes, no) |
| 5. | Over the last 2 weeks, how often have you felt bothered by any of the following: a) Little interest or pleasure in doing things; b) Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless [30]? (scale: 0 to 3; not at all to nearly every day) |
| 6. | Functional Status: a)Can you get out of bed or chair yourself; b) can you dress and bathe yourself; c) can you make your own meals: d) can you do your own shopping [31, 32]? (Yes, no) |
| 7. | Are you taking any of the following medications? Pills that impact your blood clotting (Coumadin, aspirin, Plavix), Insulin/blood sugar pills, or prescription pain meds [33, 34]? (Yes, no) |
| 8. | Health literacy: How often do you need to have someone help you when you read instructions, pamphlets, or other written material from you doctor or pharmacy [35, 36]? (Never, rarely, sometimes, often, always) |
[i] *For discharge planning, the following responses were used to indicate potential for patient risk:
a) For questions 1, 4, 6, 7, a “yes” response for any item.
b) For question 2, a response of “fair” or “poor.”
c) For question 3, a score of 5 or higher.
d) For question 5, a score of 1 or higher for either or both questions.
e) For question 8, a response of “sometimes”, “often” or “always.”
Table 2
Logistic Regression Analysis: Odds Ratios of Readmission.
| Independent Variables | Model 1 OR (CI) | Model 2 OR (CI) | Model 3 OR (CI) | Model 4 OR (CI) | Model 5 OR (CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.02 (.97–1.01) | 1.00 (.94–1.07) | .99 (.93–1.05) | .98 (.91–1.04) | .97 (.91–1.04) |
| Gender (ref. male) | |||||
| Female | 1.14 (.36–3.63) | 1.10 (.35–3.53) | 1.52 (.44–5.22) | .78 (.20–3.12) | .87 (.21–3.68) |
| Race/Ethnicity (ref. white) | |||||
| Black | 1.28 (.25–6.48) | 1.33 (.26–6.75) | 2.04 (.36–11.52) | 2.45 (.36–16.92) | 1.84 (.22–15.27) |
| Asian | 3.57 (.38–33.06) | 3.75 (.40–35.11) | 3.78 (.36–39.60) | 2.97 (.17–52.75) | 3.31 (.12–88.01) |
| Other Race/Ethnicity | .99 (.20–4.82) | 1.04 | 1.57 (.29–8.54) | .90 (.15–5.54) | 1.15 (.16–8.09) |
| Insurance (ref. Medicare FFS) | |||||
| Other | .59 (.15–2.33) | .91 (.20–4.26) | .79 (.15–4.32) | .72 (.13–4.12) | |
| Surgery (ref. Orthopedic) | |||||
| Cardiac | 7.66** (1.66–35.40) | 14.83*** (2.45–89.78) | 11.71* (1.64–83.50) | ||
| Lives Alone^ | 5.12* (1.40–18.69) | 4.96* (1.31–18.72) | |||
| Self-Rated Health^ | 14.65**** (3.46–62.00) | 18.24**** (3.39–98.20) | |||
| Pain^ | .59 (.12–2.87) | ||||
| Prior Hospitalization (last 12 months)^ | 1.59 (.39–6.58) | ||||
| Depression^ | .58 (.05–6.29) | ||||
| Functional Status^ | 1.58 (.30–8.32) | ||||
| High Risk Medications^ | .55 (.12–2.49) | ||||
| Health Literacy^ | .41 (.52–3.17) | ||||
| Constant | .01*** | .04 | .03 | .02 | .04 |
| df | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 15 |
| Nagelkerke R² | .02 | .02 | .09 | .31**** | .33*** |
| n = 366 |
[i] *p ≤ .05; **p ≤ .01; ***p ≤ .005; ****p ≤ .001.
^ Items comprising discharge risk screening tool.
Odds ratio, Exp(B), is a relative measure of effect of an outcome occurring given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure.
Table 3
Multivariate Regression Analysis: Hospital Length of Stay.
| Independent Variables | Model 1 β | Model 2 β | Model 3 β | Model 4 β | Model 5 β |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | .01**** | .00 | .00 | .00 | .00 |
| Gender (ref. male) | |||||
| Female | –.07 | –.08 | –.30 | –.04 | –.04 |
| Race/Ethnicity (ref. white) | |||||
| Black Asian OtherRace/Ethnicity | .02 .10 .04 | .03 .11 .05 | .09 .06 .11* | .12 .04 .08 | .12 .03 .07 |
| Insurance (ref. Medicare FFS) | –1.28* | –.02 | –.03 | –.04 | |
| Other | |||||
| Surgery (ref. Orthopedic) | .68**** | .68**** | .67* | ||
| Cardiac | |||||
| Lives Alone^ | –.04 | –.04 | |||
| Self-Rated Health^ | .14** | .13* | |||
| Pain^ | –.01 | ||||
| Prior Hospitalization (last 12 months)^ | .02 | ||||
| Depression^ | .03 | ||||
| Functional Status^ | –.01 | ||||
| High Risk Medications^ | –.03 | ||||
| Health Literacy^ | .05 | ||||
| Constant | .75**** | 1.03**** | .95**** | .96**** | .98**** |
| df | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 15 |
| R² | .05** | .07**** | .29**** | .31**** | .31**** |
| n = 366 |
[i] *p ≤ .05; **p ≤ .01; ***p ≤ .005; ****p ≤ .001.
^ Items comprising discharge risk screening tool.
Length of stay measured in days.
Beta coefficients (β) refer to how much the dependent variable (ie., length of stay) will change per standard deviation increase or decrease in the independent, or predictor, variable.