Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Integrated Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes in the Context of Multi-Morbidity in Africa: A Systematic Review Cover

Integrated Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes in the Context of Multi-Morbidity in Africa: A Systematic Review

Open Access
|Sep 2022

References

  1. Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice [Internet]. 2019 Nov 1 [cited 2020 Aug 8]; 157. Available from: https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(19)31230-6/abstract. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843
  2. Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, Huang Y, da Rocha Fernandes JD, Ohlrogge AW, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018 Apr; 138: 27181. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.02.023
  3. Mendenhall E, Norris SA, Shidhaye R, Prabhakaran D. Depression and Type 2 Diabetes in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract [Internet]. 2014 Feb [cited 2020 Jun 1]; 103(2): 27685. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3982306/. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2014.01.001
  4. Vellakkal S, Millett C, Basu S, Khan Z, Aitsi-Selmi A, Stuckler D, et al. Are estimates of socioeconomic inequalities in chronic disease artefactually narrowed by self-reported measures of prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries? Findings from the WHO-SAGE survey. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015 Mar; 69(3): 21825. DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204621
  5. McMurry HS, Mendenhall E, Rajendrakumar A, Nambiar L, Satyanarayana S, Shivashankar R. Coprevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2019; 35(1): e3066. DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3066
  6. Luppens D, Piette C, Radermecker R, Scantamburlo G, Ansseau M, Pitchot W. [Depression and type 2 diabetes: etiopathogenic analysis of a frequent comorbidity]. Rev Med Liege [Internet]. 2014 Nov 1 [cited 2020 Jun 1]; 69(11): 6117. Available from: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/25796774.
  7. Leone T, Coast E, Narayanan S, de Graft Aikins A. Diabetes and depression comorbidity and socio-economic status in low and middle income countries (LMICs): a mapping of the evidence. Global Health [Internet]. 2012 Nov 26 [cited 2020 Jun 1]; 8: 39. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3517312/. DOI: 10.1186/1744-8603-8-39
  8. Jaacks LM, Siegel KR, Gujral UP, Narayan KMV. Type 2 diabetes: A 21st century epidemic. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism [Internet]. 2016 Jun 1 [cited 2020 Jun 2]; 30(3): 33143. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521690X16300161. DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2016.05.003
  9. International diabetes federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 7th ed. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; 2015.
  10. Mirghani A, Doupis J. Gestational diabetes from A to Z. World J Diabetes [Internet]. 2017 Dec 15 [cited 2020 May 31]; 8(12): 489511. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5740094/. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i12.489
  11. Damm P, Houshmand-Oeregaard A, Kelstrup L, Lauenborg J, Mathiesen ER, Clausen TD. Gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term consequences for mother and offspring: a view from Denmark. Diabetologia [Internet]. 2016 Jul 1 [cited 2020 Jun 2]; 59(7): 13969. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3985-5
  12. Unnikrishnan R, Pradeepa R, Joshi SR, Mohan V. Type 2 Diabetes: Demystifying the Global Epidemic. Diabetes [Internet]. 2017 Jun 1 [cited 2020 Jun 2]; 66(6): 143242. Available from: https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/66/6/1432. DOI: 10.2337/db16-0766
  13. Gunderson EP, Chiang V, Pletcher MJ, Jacobs DR, Quesenberry CP, Sidney S, et al. History of gestational diabetes mellitus and future risk of atherosclerosis in mid-life: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014 Mar 12; 3(2): e000490. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000490
  14. Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2002 Oct; 25(10): 18628. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.25.10.1862
  15. Bellamy, Casas JP, Hingorani AD, Williams D. Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet [Internet]. 2009 May 23 [cited 2018 Jul 4]; 373(9677): 17739. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)60731-5/abstract. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60731-5
  16. Valderas JM, Starfield B, Sibbald B, Salisbury C, Roland M. Defining Comorbidity: Implications for Understanding Health and Health Services. Ann Fam Med [Internet]. 2009 Jul [cited 2020 Jul 31]; 7(4): 35763. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2713155/. DOI: 10.1370/afm.983
  17. Kendir C, van den Akker M, Vos R, Metsemakers J. Cardiovascular disease patients have increased risk for comorbidity: A cross-sectional study in the Netherlands. Eur J Gen Pract [Internet]. 2017 Nov 23 [cited 2020 Jun 3]; 24(1): 4550. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5795764/. DOI: 10.1080/13814788.2017.1398318
  18. Archambault C, Arel R, Filion KB. Gestational diabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease: a scoping review. Open Med [Internet]. 2014 Jan 7 [cited 2020 Jun 3]; 8(1): e19. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4085089/.
  19. Li LJ, Aris IM, Su LL, Chong YS, Wong TY, Tan KH, et al. Effect of gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy on postpartum cardiometabolic risk. Endocr Connect [Internet]. 2018 Feb 14 [cited 2020 Jun 2]; 7(3): 43342. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5834770/. DOI: 10.1530/EC-17-0359
  20. Alexander M, Gupta A, Mathad JS. Is there a connection between gestational diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and tuberculosis? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1 [cited 2020 Jun 3]; 23(1): 1925. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6557154/. DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.18.0337
  21. Dunachie S, Chamnan P. The double burden of diabetes and global infection in low and middle-income countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 2019 Feb 1 [cited 2020 Jun 2]; 113(2): 5664. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/trstmh/article/113/2/56/5229286. DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try124
  22. Lao TT, Chan BCP, Leung WC, Ho LF, Tse KY. Maternal hepatitis B infection and gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Hepatology [Internet]. 2007 Jul 1 [cited 2020 Jun 3]; 47(1): 4650. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168827807001304. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2007.02.014
  23. Wu D. Correlation of viral load of Hepatitis B with the gestation period and the development of diabetes mellitus. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences [Internet]. 2019 Dec 1 [cited 2020 Jun 3]; 26(8): 20225. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319562X1930141X. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.08.009
  24. Restrepo BI, Fisher-Hoch SP, Crespo JG, Whitney E, Perez A, Smith B, et al. Type 2 diabetes and tuberculosis in a dynamic bi-national border population. Epidemiol Infect [Internet]. 2007 Apr [cited 2020 Jun 3]; 135(3): 48391. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2870584/. DOI: 10.1017/S0950268806006935
  25. Soepnel LM, Norris SA, Schrier VJMM, Browne JL, Rijken MJ, Gray G, et al. The association between HIV, antiretroviral therapy, and gestational diabetes mellitus. AIDS. 2017 Jan 02; 31(1): 11325. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001277
  26. Prioreschi A, Munthali RJ, Soepnel L, Goldstein JA, Micklesfield LK, Aronoff DM, et al. Incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus with HIV infection in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017; 7(3): e013953. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013953
  27. Kalra S, Kalra B, Agrawal N, Unnikrishnan A. Understanding diabetes in patients with HIV/AIDS. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome [Internet]. 2011 Jan 14 [cited 2020 Jun 3]; 3(1): 2. DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-3-2
  28. American Diabetes Association. 4. Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1 [cited 2020 Jun 3]; 42(Supplement 1): S3445. Available from: https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement_1/S34. DOI: 10.2337/dc19-S004
  29. Oni T, McGrath N, BeLue R, Roderick P, Colagiuri S, May CR, et al. Chronic diseases and multi-morbidity–a conceptual modification to the WHO ICCC model for countries in health transition. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14(100968562): 575. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-575
  30. Ferrara A. Increasing prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a public health perspective. Diabetes care. 2007; 30(Suppl): NaNNaN. DOI: 10.2337/dc07-s206
  31. Zhu Y, Zhang C. Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes and Risk of Progression to Type 2 Diabetes: a Global Perspective. Curr Diab Rep [Internet]. 2016 Jan [cited 2020 Aug 8]; 16(1): 7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6675405/. DOI: 10.1007/s11892-015-0699-x
  32. Simmons D, Wenzel H, Zgibor JC. Integrated Diabetes Care: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Springer. 2016; 257. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13389-8
  33. Hörnsten Å, Jutterström L, Audulv Å, Lundman B. A model of integration of illness and self-management in type 2 diabetes. Journal of Nursing and Healthcare of Chronic Illness [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020 Jun 3]; 3(1): 4151. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-9824.2010.01078.x. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-9824.2010.01078.x
  34. Pantalone KM, Hobbs TM, Wells BJ, Kong SX, Kattan MW, Bouchard J, et al. Clinical characteristics, complications, comorbidities and treatment patterns among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a large integrated health system. BMJ Open Diabetes Research and Care [Internet]. 2015 Jul 1 [cited 2020 Jun 3]; 3(1): e000093. Available from: https://drc.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000093. DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000093
  35. Rijken M, Hujala A, van Ginneken E, Melchiorre MG, Groenewegen P, Schellevis F. Managing multimorbidity: Profiles of integrated care approaches targeting people with multiple chronic conditions in Europe. Health Policy [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1 [cited 2020 Jun 3]; 122(1): 4452. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168851017302919. DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.10.002
  36. Omran AR. The Epidemiologic Transition: A Theory of the Epidemiology of Population Change. The Milbank Quarterly [Internet]. 2005 Dec [cited 2020 May 29]; 83(4): 731. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2690264/. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00398.x
  37. Mendenhall E, Kohrt BA, Norris SA, Ndetei D, Prabhakaran D. Non-communicable disease syndemics: poverty, depression, and diabetes among low-income populations. Lancet [Internet]. 2017 Mar 4 [cited 2020 May 29]; 389(10072): 95163. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5491333/. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30402-6
  38. McKeown RE. The Epidemiologic Transition: Changing Patterns of Mortality and Population Dynamics. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2009 Jul 1; 3(1 Suppl): 19S26S. DOI: 10.1177/1559827609335350
  39. Singer. Introduction to syndemics: A critical systems approach to public and community health. John Wiley & Sons; 2009.
  40. Hart L, Horton R. Syndemics: committing to a healthier future. The Lancet [Internet]. 2017 Mar 4 [cited 2018 Nov 9]; 389(10072): 8889. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)30599-8/abstract. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30599-8
  41. Haldane V, Legido-Quigley H, Chuah FLH, Sigfrid L, Murphy G, Ong SE, et al. Integrating cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes with HIV services: a systematic review. AIDS Care. 2017 Jul 5; 113. DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2017.1344350
  42. Barr AL, Young EH, Smeeth L, Newton R, Seeley J, Ripullone K, et al. The need for an integrated approach for chronic disease research and care in Africa. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom [Internet]. 2016 Nov 29 [cited 2021 Oct 20]; 1: e19. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5870416/. DOI: 10.1017/gheg.2016.16
  43. Rohwer A, Nicol JU, Toews I, Young T, Bavuma CM, Meerpohl J. Effects of integrated models of care for diabetes and hypertension in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2021 Jul 1 [cited 2021 Oct 20]; 11(7): e043705. Available from: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/11/7/e043705. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043705
  44. Levitt NS, Steyn K, Dave J, Bradshaw D. Chronic noncommunicable diseases and HIV-AIDS on a collision course: relevance for health care delivery, particularly in low-resource settings—insights from South Africa. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition [Internet]. 2011 Dec 1 [cited 2021 Oct 20]; 94(6): 1690S1696S. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.019075
  45. Nielsen KK, Kapur A, Damm P, de Courten M, Bygbjerg IC. From screening to postpartum follow-up – the determinants and barriers for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) services, a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth [Internet]. 2014 Jan 22 [cited 2020 Apr 21]; 14: 41. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3901889/. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-14-41
  46. Nicklas JM, Zera CA, Seely EW, Abdul-Rahim ZS, Rudloff ND, Levkoff SE. Identifying postpartum intervention approaches to prevent type 2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth [Internet]. 2011 Mar 24 [cited 2020 Apr 28]; 11(1): 23. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-11-23
  47. Higgins JPT, Wells GA. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions; 2011.
  48. Mutabazi JC, Werfalli MM, Rawat A, Musa E, Norris SA, Murphy K, et al. Integrated management of type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes within multi-morbidity conditions in Africa: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2019 Mar 1 [cited 2020 May 10]; 9(3): e023684. Available from: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/9/3/e023684. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023684
  49. Shamseer L, Moher D, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2 [cited 2018 Sep 6]; 349: g7647. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g7647. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g7647
  50. Thabane L, Thomas T, Ye C, Paul J. Posing the research question: not so simple. Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth [Internet]. 2008 Dec 24 [cited 2020 May 20]; 56(1): 71. DOI: 10.1007/s12630-008-9007-4
  51. Kuzuya T, et al. Report of the Committee on the classification and diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus. – PubMed – NCBI [Internet]; 2002 [cited 2019 Jul 24]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11755481.
  52. American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1 [cited 2019 Jul 29]; 41(Supplement 1): S1327. Available from: https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/41/Supplement_1/S13. DOI: 10.2337/dc18-S002
  53. Shigayeva A, Atun R, McKee M, Coker R. Health systems, communicable diseases and integration. Health Policy Plan. 2010 Nov; 25(Suppl 1): i420. DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czq060
  54. Atun, de Jongh T, Secci F, Ohiri K, Adeyi O. Integration of targeted health interventions into health systems: a conceptual framework for analysis. Health Policy Plan [Internet]. 2010 Mar 1 [cited 2018 Mar 30]; 25(2): 10411. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/25/2/104/641536. DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czp055
  55. Sterne JAC, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, Savović J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ [Internet]. 2016 Oct 12 [cited 2018 Sep 6]; 355: i4919. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i4919. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i4919
  56. Schwarz CM, Hoffmann M, Schwarz P, Kamolz LP, Brunner G, Sendlhofer G. A systematic literature review and narrative synthesis on the risks of medical discharge letters for patients’ safety. BMC Health Services Research [Internet]. 2019 Mar 12 [cited 2020 Jul 2]; 19(1): 158. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-3989-1
  57. Almossawi HJ, Matji R, Pillay Y, Singh S, Mvusi L, Mbambo B, et al. Primary Health Care System Readiness for Diabetes Mellitus and Tuberculosis Service Integration in South Africa; 2019.
  58. Govindasamy D, Kranzer K, van Schaik N, Noubary F, Wood R, Walensky RP, et al. Linkage to HIV, TB and non-communicable disease care from a mobile testing unit in Cape Town, South Africa. PLoS ONE. 2013; 8(11): e80017. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080017
  59. Manne-Goehler J, Montana L, Gómez-Olivé FX, Rohr J, Harling G, Wagner RG, et al. The ART advantage: healthcare utilization for diabetes and hypertension in rural South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr [Internet]. 2017 Aug 15 [cited 2020 Jun 15]; 75(5): 5617. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5516957/. DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001445
  60. Golovaty I, Sharma M, van Heerden A, van Rooyen H, Baeten JM, Celum C, et al. Cost of Integrating Noncommunicable Disease Screening Into Home-Based HIV Testing and Counseling in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018; 78(5): 5226. DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001713
  61. Wroe EB, Kalanga N, Mailosi B, Mwalwanda S, Kachimanga C, Nyangulu K, et al. Leveraging HIV platforms to work toward comprehensive primary care in rural Malawi: the Integrated Chronic Care Clinic. Healthc (Amst). 2015; 3(4): 2706. DOI: 10.1016/j.hjdsi.2015.08.002
  62. Kachimanga C, Cundale K, Wroe E, Nazimera L, Jumbe A, Dunbar E, et al. Novel approaches to screening for noncommunicable diseases: Lessons from Neno, Malawi. Malawi Med J. 2017; 29(2): 7883. DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v29i2.1
  63. Pfaff C, Singano V, Akello H, Amberbir A, Berman J, Kwekwesa A, et al. Early experiences integrating hypertension and diabetes screening and treatment in a human immunodeficiency virus clinic in Malawi. Int Health. 2018; 10(6): 495501. DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihy049
  64. Segafredo G, Kapur A, Robbiati C, Joseph N, de Sousa JR, Putoto G, et al. Integrating TB and non-communicable diseases services: Pilot experience of screening for diabetes and hypertension in patients with Tuberculosis in Luanda, Angola. PLoS One [Internet]. 2019 Jul 5 [cited 2020 Jun 15]; 14(7). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6611589/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218052
  65. Pastakia SD, Manyara SM, Vedanthan R, Kamano JH, Menya D, Andama B, et al. Impact of Bridging Income Generation with Group Integrated Care (BIGPIC) on Hypertension and Diabetes in Rural Western Kenya. J Gen Intern Med. 2017; 32(5): 5408. DOI: 10.1007/s11606-016-3918-5
  66. Venables E, Edwards JK, Baert S, Etienne W, Khabala K, Bygrave H. “They just come, pick and go.” The Acceptability of Integrated Medication Adherence Clubs for HIV and Non Communicable Disease (NCD) Patients in Kibera, Kenya. PLOS ONE [Internet]. 2016 Oct 20 [cited 2020 Jun 15]; 11(10): e0164634. Available from: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0164634. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164634
  67. Jerene D, Hiruy N, Jemal I, Gebrekiros W, Anteneh T, Habte D, et al. The yield and feasibility of integrated screening for TB, diabetes and HIV in four public hospitals in Ethiopia. Int Health. 2017; 9(2): 1004. DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihx002
  68. Chamie G, Kwarisiima D, Clark TD, Kabami J, Jain V, Geng E, et al. Leveraging rapid community-based HIV testing campaigns for non-communicable diseases in rural Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7(8): e43400. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043400
  69. Labhardt ND, Balo JR, Ndam M, Grimm JJ, Manga E. Task shifting to non-physician clinicians for integrated management of hypertension and diabetes in rural Cameroon: a programme assessment at two years. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010; 10(101088677): 339. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-10-339
  70. Rijken M, Struckmann V, van der Heide I, Hujala A, Barbabella F, van Ginneken E, et al. How to improve care for people with multimorbidity in Europe? World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe; 2017.
  71. Martínez-González NA, Berchtold P, Ullman K, Busato A, Egger M. Integrated care programmes for adults with chronic conditions: a meta-review. Int J Qual Health Care [Internet]. 2014 Oct 1 [cited 2020 Jun 22]; 26(5): 56170. Available from: https://academic.oup.com/intqhc/article/26/5/561/1792661. DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzu071
  72. Health Council of Canada. Self-management support for Canadians with chronic health conditions: a focus for primary health care. Health Council of Canada; 2012.
  73. Mahomed O, Asmall S. Development and implementation of an integrated chronic disease model in South Africa: lessons in the management of change through improving the quality of clinical practice. International Journal of Integrated Care [Internet]. 2015 Oct 12 [cited 2020 Jun 22]; 15(4). Available from: http://www.ijic.org/articles/10.5334/ijic.1454/. DOI: 10.5334/ijic.1454
  74. Garrib A, Birungi J, Lesikari S, Namakoola I, Njim T, Cuevas L, et al. Integrated care for human immunodeficiency virus, diabetes and hypertension in Africa. Oxford University Press; 2019. DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try098
  75. Capelli O, Quattrini B, Abate F, Casalgrandi B, Cacciapuoti I. Integrated Care for Chronic Diseases – State of the Art. Primary Care in Practice – Integration is Needed [Internet]; 2016 May 11 [cited 2020 Jun 22]. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/primary-care-in-practice-integration-is-needed/integrated-care-for-chronic-diseases-state-of-the-art. DOI: 10.5772/63362
  76. Joshi R, Alim M, Kengne AP, Jan S, Maulik PK, Peiris D, et al. Task Shifting for Non-Communicable Disease Management in Low and Middle Income Countries – A Systematic Review. PLoS One [Internet]. 2014 Aug 14 [cited 2020 Jun 23]; 9(8). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4133198/. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103754
  77. Varghese C, Nongkynrih B, Onakpoya I, McCall M, Barkley S, Collins TE. Better health and wellbeing for billion more people: integrating non-communicable diseases in primary care. BMJ [Internet]. 2019 Jan 28 [cited 2020 Jun 23]; 364. Available from: https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l327. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l327
  78. Heller DJ, Kumar A, Kishore SP, Horowitz CR, Joshi R, Vedanthan R. Assessment of Barriers and Facilitators to the Delivery of Care for Noncommunicable Diseases by Nonphysician Health Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Qualitative Analysis. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2019 Dec 2 [cited 2020 Jun 23]; 2(12): e1916545e1916545. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2756115. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.16545
  79. Kengne AP, et al. Setting-up nurse-led pilot clinics for the management of non-communicable diseases at primary health care level in resource-limited settings of Africa. Pan Afr Med J. 2009; 3(101517926): 10. DOI: 10.4314/pamj.v3i1.52449
  80. Kengne AP, et al. Type 2 diabetes management in nurse-led primary healthcare settings in urban and rural Cameroon. Prim Care Diabetes. 2009 Aug; 3(3): 1818. DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2009.08.005
  81. Frieden M, Zamba B, Mukumbi N, Mafaune PT, Makumbe B, Irungu E, et al. Setting up a nurse-led model of care for management of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in a high HIV prevalence context in rural Zimbabwe: a descriptive study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020 Jun 1; 20(1): 486. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05351-x
  82. American Diabetes Association. 4. Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2016 Jan 1 [cited 2020 Jun 23]; 39(Supplement 1): S368. Available from: https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/39/Supplement_1/S36. DOI: 10.2337/dc16-S007
  83. American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes care. 2004; 27(suppl 1): s8890. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.27.2007.S88
  84. Narayan KMV, Chan J, Mohan V. Early Identification of Type 2 Diabetes: Policy should be aligned with health systems strengthening. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2011 Jan 1 [cited 2020 Jun 23]; 34(1): 2446. Available from: https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/34/1/244. DOI: 10.2337/dc10-1952
  85. Petitti DB. Meta-Analysis, Decision Analysis, and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Methods for Quantitative Synthesis in Medicine. USA: Oxford University Press. 2000; 319.
  86. Desmedt M, Vertriest S, Hellings J, Bergs J, Dessers E, Vankrunkelsven P, et al. Economic Impact of Integrated Care Models for Patients with Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review. Value in Health [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1 [cited 2020 Jun 22]; 19(6): 892902. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1098301516304508. DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2016.05.001
  87. Pfaff C, Scott V, Hoffman R, Mwagomba B. You can treat my HIV – But can you treat my blood pressure? Availability of integrated HIV and non-communicable disease care in northern Malawi. Afr j prim health care fam med. 2017; 9(1): e18. DOI: 10.4102/phcfm.v9i1.1151
  88. Hod M, Kapur A, Sacks DA, Hadar E, Agarwal M, Di Renzo GC, et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: A pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2015 Oct; 131(Suppl 3): S173211. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7292(15)30033-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.5608 | Journal eISSN: 1568-4156
Language: English
Submitted on: Aug 31, 2020
Accepted on: Aug 30, 2022
Published on: Sep 21, 2022
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2022 Jean Claude Mutabazi, Mahmoud Werfalli, Angeli Rawat, Ezekiel Musa, Tawanda Chivese, Shane Norris, Katherine Murphy, Helen Trottier, Naomi Levitt, Christina Zarowsky, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.