Barriers for Inter-Organisational Collaboration: What Matters for an Integrated Care Programme?

QUESTIONS	QUESTION ABBREVIATIONS
Assess the importance of the following factors for inter-organisational collaboration around frail older people. How do/does:
– long physical distances between involved units influence collaboration?	Long distances
– different and possibly contradictory laws and regulations for different work and professional groups influence collaboration?	Laws and regulations
– insufficient knowledge about each other’s work settings and their particular conditions influence collaboration?	Knowledge
– insufficient experiences from inter-organisational collaboration influence collaboration?	Collaboration
– different types of professions influence collaboration?	Professions
– variations in professional status and power among the staff at the care units influence collaboration?	Status and power
– psychosocial factors (positive work environment, interpersonal chemistry e.g. openness to interdisciplinary work, communication skills) influence collaboration?	Psychosocial factors

Table 2

Demographic data of the staff in inpatient and outpatient care.

CHARACTERISTICS	INPATIENT CARE N = 48 (23%)	OUTPATIENT CARE N = 160 (77%)	TOTAL N = 208 (100%)
Median age (range)	43 (24–64)	45 (19–64)	44 (19–64)
Women, n (% valid)	44 (94)	142 (92)	186 (92)
Occupational therapists	0	15 (9)	15 (7)
Social workers	0	9 (6)	9 (4)
Physiotherapists	0	11 (7)	11 (5)
Nurses	27 (56)	23 (14)	50 (24)
Practical nurses	21 (44)	95 (59)	116 (56)
Physicians	0	7 (4)	7 (3)

Table 3

Distribution (n or %) of factors to inter-organisational collaboration difficulties.

QUESTION ABBREVIATIONS	RESPONSE ALTERNATIVES TO DIFFICULTIES N = 208 (%)
QUESTION ABBREVIATIONS	A. YES	B. NO	C. DON’T KNOW
Knowledge	132 (63)	39 (19)	31 (15)
Collaboration	99 (48)	51 (25)	51 (25)
Psychosocial factors	91 (44)	47 (23)	62 (30)
Laws and regulations	65 (31)	40 (19)	95 (46)
Long distances	65 (31)	75 (35)	63 (30)
Status and power	49 (24)	75 (36)	77 (37)
Professions	27 (13)	111 (53)	62 (30)

Table 4

Inpatient versus outpatient staff views of the factors that were considered difficulties to inter-organisational collaboration. 0–3 No difficulty, 4–5 Yes, difficulties; p-value Chi-square test.

QUESTION ABBREVIATIONS	RESPONSE ALTERNATIVES TO DIFFICULTIES	INPATIENT CARE N = 48 (%)	OUTPATIENT CARE N = 160 (%)	P-VALUE	TOTAL N = 208 (%)
Long distances	A. Yes	13 (28)	52 (34)	.124	65 (31)
	B. No	13 (28)	60 (39)		75 (35)
	C. Don’t know	20 (43)	43 (28)		63 (30)
Laws and regulations	A. Yes	12 (26)	53 (34)	.108	65 (31)
	B. No	6 (13)	34 (22)		40 (19)
	C. Don’t know	28 (61)	67 (44)		95 (46)
Knowledge	A. Yes	29 (63)	103 (66)	.653	132 (63)
	B. No	8 (17)	31 (20)		39 (19)
	C. Don’t know	9 (20)	22 (14)		31 (15)
Collaboration	A. Yes	21 (46)	78 (50)	.428	99 (48)
	B. No	10 (22)	41 (26)		51 (25)
	C. Don’t know	15 (33)	36 (23)		51 (25)
Professions	A. Yes	2 (4)	25 (16)	.127	27 (13)
	B. No	27 (60)	84 (54)		111 (53)
	C. Don’t know	16 (36)	46 (30)		62 (30)
Status and power	A. Yes	9 (20)	40 (26)	.089	49 (24)
	B. No	13 (28)	62 (40)		75 (36)
	C. Don’t know	24 (52)	53 (34)		77 (37)
Psychosocial factors	A. Yes	21 (46)	70 (45)	.442	91 (44)
	B. No	8 (17)	39 (25)		47 (23)
	C. Don’t know	17 (37)	45 (29)		62 (30)

Table 5

Academic versus non-academic educated staff views of the factors that were considered difficulties to inter-organisational collaboration. 0–3 No difficulty, 4–5 Yes, difficulties; p-value Chi-square test.

QUESTION ABBREVIATIONS	RESPONSE ALTERNATIVES TO DIFFICULTIES	ACADEMIC EDUCATION N = 92 (%)	NON-ACADEMIC EDUCATION N = 116 (%)	P-VALUE	TOTAL N = 208(%)
Long distances	A. Yes	26 (29)	39 (35)	.02	65 (31)
	B. No	42 (47)	31 (28)		73 (35)
	C. Don’t know	22 (24)	41 (37)		63 (30)
Laws and regulations	A. Yes	36 (40)	29 (36)	.02	65 (31)
	B. No	21 (23)	19 (17)		40 (19)
	C. Don’t know	33 (37)	62 (56)		95 (46)
Knowledge	A. Yes	68 (76)	64 (57)	.001	132 (63)
	B. No	18 (20)	21 (19)		39 (19)
	C. Don’t know	4 (4)	27 (24)		31 (15)
Collaboration	A. Yes	52 (58)	47 (42)	.002	99 (48)
	B. No	25 (28)	26 (23)		51 (25)
	C. Don’t know	12 (13)	39 (35)		51 (25)
Professions	A. Yes	10 (11)	17 (15)	< .001	27 (13)
	B. No	65 (72)	46 (42)		111 (53)
	C. Don’t know	15 (17)	47 (43)		62 (30)
Status and power	A. Yes	20 (22)	29 (26)	.02	49 (24)
	B. No	43 (48)	32 (29)		75 (36)
	C. Don’t know	27 (30)	50 (45)		77 (37)
Psychosocial factors	A. Yes	40 (45)	51 (46)	.01	91 (44)
	B. No	29 (33)	18 (16)		47 (23)
	C. Don’t know	20 (22)	42 (38)		62 (30)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.6005 | Journal eISSN: 1568-4156

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Language: English

Submitted on: Jun 23, 2021

Accepted on: Jun 2, 2022

Published on: Jun 15, 2022

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

integrated care,

collaboration,

inter-sectoral,

continuity of patient care,

personnel,

frail older patients

© 2022 Angela Bångsbo, Anna Dunér, Synneve Dahlin-Ivanoff, Eva Lidén, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 22 (2022): Issue 0