
Implementing a General Practice-Based Link Worker Intervention for People with Multimorbidity During the Covid-19 Pandemic- a Mixed Methods Process Evaluation of the LinkMM RCT
References
- Fortin, M, Soubhi H, Hudon C, Bayliss EA, Akker Mvd. Multimorbidity’s many challenges. BMJ. 2007; 334(7602): 1016–1017. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39201.463819.2C
- Barnett K, Mercer SW, Norbury M, Watt G, Wyke S, Guthrie B. Epidemiology of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: a cross-sectional study. [in eng], Lancet. Jul 7 2012; 380(9836): 37–43. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60240-2
- Smith SM, Wallace E, Clyne B, Boland F, Fortin M. Interventions for improving outcomes in patients with multimorbidity in primary care and community setting: a systematic review. Systematic Reviews. 2021; 10(1): 271, 2021/10/20. DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01817-z
- Fortin, M, et al. Scaling Up Patient-Centered Interdisciplinary Care for Multimorbidity: A Pragmatic Mixed-Methods Randomized Controlled Trial. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2021; 19(2): 126. DOI: 10.1370/afm.2650
- Mann C, et al. Can implementation failure or intervention failure explain the result of the 3D multimorbidity trial in general practice: mixed-methods process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2019; 9(11):
e031438 . DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031438 - Moore GF, et al. Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2015; 350: h1258. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h1258
- Skivington K, et al. A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2021; 374: n2061. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n2061
- Polley, MJ, Fleming J, Anfilogoff T, Carpenter A.
Making sense of Social Prescribing . London: University of Westminster; 2017, 18/08/2017. Accessed: 31/10/2023. [Online]. Available:https://www.westminster.ac.uk/patient-outcomes-in-health-research-group/projects/social-prescribing-network . - Westlake D, Elston J, Gude A, Gradinger F, Husk K, Asthana S. Impact of COVID-19 on social prescribing across an Integrated Care System: A Researcher in Residence study. Health & social care in the community. 2022; 30(6): e4086–e4094. DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13802
- Lovell R, et al. A realist review and collaborative development of what works in the social prescribing process. [in English], The Lancet. 2017; 390: S62. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32997-5
- NHS.
NHS Long Term Plan . NHS.https://www.longtermplan.nhs.uk [accessed 06/03/2020]. - Kiely B, et al. Effect of social prescribing link workers on health outcomes and costs for adults in primary care and community settings: a systematic review. BMJ Open. Oct 17 2022. 12(10):
e062951 . DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062951 - Bickerdike L, Booth A, Wilson PM, Farley K, Wright K. Social prescribing: less rhetoric and more reality. A systematic review of the evidence. [in en]. BMJ Open. 2017; 7(4), 2017-04-01. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013384
- Husk K, et al. What approaches to social prescribing work, for whom, and in what circumstances? A realist review. [in eng]. Health & social care in the community. Mar 2020. 28(2): 309–324. DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12839
- Fixsen A, Barrett S, Shimonovich M. Weathering the storm: A qualitative study of social prescribing in urban and rural Scotland during the COVID-19 pandemic. [in eng]. SAGE open medicine. 2021; 9: 20503121211029187. DOI: 10.1177/20503121211029187
- Morris SL, Gibson K, Wildman JM, Griffith B, Moffatt S, Pollard TM. Social prescribing during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study of service providers’ and clients’ experiences. BMC Health Services Research. 2022; 22(1): 258, 2022/02/25. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-07616-z
- Kiely B, et al. Primary care-based link workers providing social prescribing to improve health and social care outcomes for people with multimorbidity in socially deprived areas [the LinkMM trial]: Pilot study for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. J Comorb. Jan–Dec 2021. 11: 26335565211017781. DOI: 10.1177/26335565211017781
- Kiely B, et al. An exploratory randomised trial investigating feasibility, potential impact and cost effectiveness of link workers for people living with multimorbidity attending general practices in deprived urban communities. BMC Primary Care. 2024; 25(1): 233, 2024/06/28. DOI: 10.1186/s12875-024-02482-6
- O’Cathain A, Murphy E, Nicholl J. Three techniques for integrating data in mixed methods studies. [in eng], Bmj. Sep 17 2010; 341: c4587. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c4587
- Kiely B, et al. Link workers providing social prescribing and health and social care coordination for people with multimorbidity in socially deprived areas [the LinkMM trial]: protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. Feb 1 2021. 11(2):
e041809 . DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041809 - Pierce M, et al. Embedding formal and experiential public and patient involvement training in a structured PhD programme: process and impact evaluation. Research Involvement and Engagement. 2023; 9(1): 105, 2023/11/24 DOI: 10.1186/s40900-023-00516-4
- Staniszewska S, et al. GRIPP2 reporting checklists: tools to improve reporting of patient and public involvement in research. Research Involvement and Engagement. 2017; 3(1): 13, 2017/08/02. DOI: 10.1186/s40900-017-0062-2
- Smith S, O’Donnell P.
Deep End Ireland 2018: Role of Links Workers & Social Prescribing . Deep End Ireland; 2018. [Online]. Available:http://deepend.ie/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/DE-link-worker-meet-report-25.4.18.pdf . - Tierney S, et al. Supporting social prescribing in primary care by linking people to local assets: a realist review. BMC medicine. 2020; 18(1): 49, 2020/03/13. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-1510-7
- Hoffmann TC, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication [TIDieR] checklist and guide. BMJ: British Medical Journal. 2014; 348: g1687. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.g1687
- Access. [2016]. Microsoft. [Online]. Available:
https://products.office.com/en-ie/access . - Langford CPH, Bowsher J, Maloney JP, Lillis PP. Social support: a conceptual analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1997; 25(1): 95–100. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997025095.x
- Kiely B, et al. Protocol for a mixed methods process evaluation of the LinkMM randomised controlled trial “Use of link workers to provide social prescribing and health and social care coordination for people with complex multimorbidity in socially deprived areas” [version 1; peer review: 1 approved]. HRB Open Res. 2021; 4(38). DOI: 10.12688/hrbopenres.13258.1
- Stata Statistical Software. [2017]. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.
- NVivo. [2020].
- Fereday J, Muir-Cochrane E. Demonstrating Rigor Using Thematic Analysis: A Hybrid Approach of Inductive and Deductive Coding and Theme Development. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 2006; 5(1): 80–92. DOI: 10.1177/160940690600500107
- Proudfoot K. Inductive/Deductive Hybrid Thematic Analysis in Mixed Methods Research. Journal of Mixed Methods Research. 2023; 17(3): 308–326. DOI: 10.1177/15586898221126816
- Mercer SW, et al. Effectiveness of Community-Links Practitioners in Areas of High Socioeconomic Deprivation. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2019; 17(6): 518–525. DOI: 10.1370/afm.2429
- Levack WMM, Weatherall M, Hay-Smith EJC, Dean SG, McPherson K, Siegert RJ. Goal setting and strategies to enhance goal pursuit for adults with acquired disability participating in rehabilitation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015; 7. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009727.pub2
- Hurn J, Kneebone I, Cropley M. Goal setting as an outcome measure: a systematic review. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2006; 20(9): 756–772, 2006/09/01. DOI: 10.1177/0269215506070793
- Bonevski B, et al. Reaching the hard-to-reach: a systematic review of strategies for improving health and medical research with socially disadvantaged groups. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2014; 14(1): 42, 2014/03/25. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-14-42
- Mercer SW, et al. The CARE Plus study – a whole-system intervention to improve quality of life of primary care patients with multimorbidity in areas of high socioeconomic deprivation: exploratory cluster randomised controlled trial and cost-utility analysis. [in eng], BMC medicine. Jun 22 2016; 14(1): 88. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0634-2
- Mossabir R, Morris R, Kennedy A, Blickem C, Rogers A. A scoping review to understand the effectiveness of linking schemes from healthcare providers to community resources to improve the health and well-being of people with long-term conditions. [in eng], Health Soc Care Community. Sep 2015; 23(5): 467–84. DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12176
- Morris, JE, et al. Treatment burden for patients with multimorbidity: cross-sectional study with exploration of a single-item measure. [in eng], The British journal of general practice: the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. May 2021; 71(706): e381–e390. DOI: 10.3399/BJGP.2020.0883
- HSE.
HSE Social Prescribing Framework . HSE.https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/healthwellbeing/our-priority-programmes/mental-health-and-wellbeing/social-prescribing/ [accessed 11/08/2022, 2022]. - Pollard T, Gibson K, Griffith B, Jeffries J, Moffatt S. Implementation and impact of a social prescribing intervention: an ethnographic exploration. British Journal of General Practice. 2023. DOI: 10.3399/BJGP.2022.0638
- Gibson K, Pollard TM, Moffatt S. Social prescribing and classed inequality: A journey of upward health mobility? [in eng]. Social science & medicine [1982]. Jul 2021. 280: 114037. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114037
- Carnes D, et al. The impact of a social prescribing service on patients in primary care: a mixed methods evaluation. BMC Health Services Research. 2017; 17: 1–9. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2778-y
- Griffith B, Pollard T, Gibson K, Jeffries J, Moffatt, S. Constituting link working through choice and care: An ethnographic account of front-line social prescribing. Sociology of Health & Illness. 2023; 45(2): 279–297, 2023/02/01. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13569
- Kellezi B, et al. The social cure of social prescribing: a mixed-methods study on the benefits of social connectedness on quality and effectiveness of care provision. Bmj Open. Nov 2019. 9(11): Art no. e033137. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033137
- Sandhu S, Lian T, Drake C, Moffatt S, Wildman J, Wildman J. Intervention components of link worker social prescribing programmes: A scoping review. [in eng], Health & social care in the community. Nov 2022; 30(6): e3761–e3774. DOI: 10.1111/hsc.14056
- Wildman J, Wildman JM. Impact of a link worker social prescribing intervention on non-elective admitted patient care costs: A quasi-experimental study. Social Science & Medicine. 2023; 317: 115598, 2023/01/01/. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115598
- Kangovi S, et al. Effect of Community Health Worker Support on Clinical Outcomes of Low-Income Patients Across Primary Care Facilities: A Randomized Clinical Trial. [in eng]. JAMA Intern Med. Dec 1 2018. 178(12): 1635–1643. DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4630
- RialtasnahEireann. Sláintecare implementation strategy.
https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/6996b-slaintecare-implementation-strategy-and-action-plan-2021-2023/ [accessed 07/12/2023]. - RialtasnahEireann.
Slaintecare Healthy Communities. Progress Report 2022 . Government of Ireland.https://www.gov.ie/pdf/?file=https://assets.gov.ie/258509/27b42da1-b80e-4d70-821e-208f59a91e1f.pdf#page=null [accessed 10/10/2023]. - Moscrop A. Social prescribing is no remedy for health inequalities. BMJ. 2023; 381: p 715. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.p715
- Napierala H, Krüger K, Kuschick D, Heintze C, Herrmann WJ, Holzinger F. Social Prescribing: Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Psychosocial Community Referral Interventions in Primary Care. International Journal of Integrated Care; 2022. DOI: 10.5334/ijic.6472
- HRB. MIDAS Trial. Health Research Board.
https://primarycaretrials.ie/midas-2/ [accessed 16/09/2024]. - Al-Khudairy L, Ayorinde A, Ghosh I, et al.
Evidence and methods required to evaluate the impact for patients who use social prescribing: a rapid systematic review and qualitative interviews . In Health and Social Care Delivery Research. Southhampton, UK: National Institute for Health and Care Research, 2022, ch. Chapter 4, Options for completing a social prescribing impact evaluation. DOI: 10.3310/RMJH0230
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.8586 | Journal eISSN: 1568-4156
Language: English
Submitted on: Jan 22, 2024
Accepted on: Dec 5, 2024
Published on: Dec 20, 2024
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
© 2024 Bridget Kiely, Ivana Keenan, Sonali Loomba, Natalie Mack, Vivienne Byers, Emer Galvin, Muireann O’Shea, Patrick O’Donnell, Fiona Boland, Barbara Clyne, Eamon O’Shea, Susan M. Smith, Deirdre Connolly, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.