
The Process of Integrating Family Planning Services with Other Reproductive Health Services in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review
References
- Silumbwe A, Nkole T, Munakampe MN, Milford C, Cordero JP, Kriel Y, et al. Community and health systems barriers and enablers to family planning and contraceptive services provision and use in Kabwe District, Zambia. BMC Health Services Research [Internet]. 2018 May 31 [cited 2025 Jun 10];18(1):390. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3136-4
- Silumbwe A, Nkole T, Munakampe MN, Milford C, Cordero JP, Kriel Y, et al. Community and health systems barriers and enablers to family planning and contraceptive services provision and use in Kabwe District, Zambia. BMC Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2018 May 31 [cited 2023 Nov 7];18:390. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5984360/ . DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3136-4 - High rates of unintended pregnancies linked to gaps in family planning services: New WHO study [Internet]. [cited 2021 May 12]. Available from:
https://www.who.int/news/item/25-10-2019-high-rates-of-unintended-pregnancies-linked-to-gaps-in-family-planning-services-new-who-study . - Hounton S, Winfrey W, Barros AJD, Askew I. Patterns and trends of postpartum family planning in Ethiopia, Malawi, and Nigeria: evidence of missed opportunities for integration. Global Health Action [Internet]. 2015 Dec 1 [cited 2023 Jan 30];8(1):29738. DOI: 10.3402/gha.v8.29738
- Thiongo MN, Gichangi PB, Waithaka M, Tsui A, Zimmerman LA, Radloff S, et al. Missed opportunities for family planning counselling among postpartum women in eleven counties in Kenya. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2022 Feb 8 [cited 2023 Jan 30];22(1):253. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-12623-0
- Amour C, Manongi RN, Mahande MJ, Elewonibi B, Farah A, Msuya SE, et al. Missed opportunity for family planning counselling along the continuum of care in Arusha region, Tanzania. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021 Jul 14 [cited 2023 Mar 25];16(7):
e0250988 . Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8279341/ . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250988 - Yaya S, Uthman OA, Ekholuenetale M, Bishwajit G. Women empowerment as an enabling factor of contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of cross-sectional surveys of 32 countries. Reproductive Health [Internet]. 2018 Dec 20 [cited 2023 Nov 7];15(1):214. DOI: 10.1186/s12978-018-0658-5
- Goodwin N. Understanding Integrated Care. Int J Integr Care [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2023 Jan 2];16(4):6. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5354214/ . - Berwick DM, Nolan TW, Whittington J. The Triple Aim: Care, Health, And Cost. Health Affairs [Internet]. 2008 May [cited 2023 Jan 3];27(3):759–69. Available from:
https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/abs/10.1377/hlthaff.27.3.759 . DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.27.3.759 - National Council. A Standard Framework for Levels of Integrated Healthcare [Internet]. 2013. Available from:
https://thepcc.org/sites/default/files/resources/SAMHSA-HRSA%202013%20Framework%20for%20Levels%20of%20Integrated%20Healthcare.pdf . - Kerrissey M, Phillips R, Sinaiko A, Tamene T, Maylone B, Friedberg M, et al. A Theoretical Logic Model of Integration in Health Care. 2017 Oct 17 [cited 2023 Nov 3];17(5):A264. DOI: 10.5334/ijic.3575
- Valentijn PP, Schepman SM, Opheij W, Bruijnzeels MA. Understanding integrated care: a comprehensive conceptual framework based on the integrative functions of primary care. 2013 Mar 22 [cited 2023 Jun 9];13(1). DOI: 10.5334/ijic.886
- Felix HC, Bronstein J, Bursac Z, Stewart MK, Foushee HR, Klapow J. Family Planning Provider Referral, Facilitation Behavior, and Patient Follow-up for Abnormal Pap Smears. Public Health Reports [Internet]. 2009 Oct [cited 2025 Apr 21];124(5):733. Available from:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2728666/ . DOI: 10.1177/003335490912400516 - Johnson SA, Kaggwa MN, Lathrop E. How It Started, and How It’s Going: Global Family Planning Programs. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology [Internet]. 2021 Sep [cited 2025 Apr 21];64(3):422. Available from:
https://journals.lww.com/clinicalobgyn/abstract/2021/09000/how_it_started,_and_how_it_s_going__global_family.4.aspx . DOI: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000625 - UNAID. Task Shifting [Internet]. 2008. Available from:
https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/43821/9789?sequence=1 . - Curtis C, Huber D, Moss-Knight T. Postabortion Family Planning: Addressing the Cycle of Repeat Unintended Pregnancy and Abortion. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health [Internet]. 2010 Mar 30 [cited 2023 Nov 8];36:44. Available from:
https://www.guttmacher.org/journals/ipsrh/2010/03/postabortion-family-planning-addressing-cycle-repeat-unintended-pregnancy-and . DOI: 10.1363/3604410 - Healthcare enterprise process development and integration [Internet]. [cited 2023 Nov 28]. Available from:
https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10.3316/informit.140988451546262 . - Nkhoma L, Sitali DC, Zulu JM. Integration of family planning into HIV services: a systematic review. Annals of Medicine [Internet]. 2022 Dec 31.54(1):393–403. Available from:
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=eoah&AN=62280402&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s6967740 . DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.2020893 - Haberlen SA, Narasimhan M, Beres LK, Kennedy CE. Integration of Family Planning Services into HIV Care and Treatment Services: A Systematic Review. Studies in Family Planning [Internet]. 2017 Jun;48(2):153–77. Available from:
https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=sso&db=ccm&AN=123350271&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s6967740 . DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12018 - Grant-Maidment T, Kranzer K, Ferrand RA. The Effect of Integration of Family Planning Into HIV Services on Contraceptive Use Among Women Accessing HIV Services in Low and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2023 Nov 3];3. Available from:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgwh.2022.837358 . DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.837358 - IJGO publishes a special section on vaccinations and women’s reproductive health | Figo [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Jun 10]. Available from:
https://www.figo.org/news/ijgo-publishes-special-section-vaccinations-and-womens-reproductive-health . - Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology [Internet]. 2005 Feb 1 [cited 2025 Jun 6];8(1):19–32. DOI: 10.1080/1364557032000119616
- Gul F. Integration of family planning with other reproductive health services in low and middle-income countries: a scoping review protocol. 2023 Jul 6 [cited 2023 Oct 7]; Available from:
https://osf.io/z73qp . - Services organization and integration [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 20]. Available from:
https://www.who.int/teams/integrated-health-services/clinical-services-and-systems/service-organizations-and-integration . - Suter E, Oelke ND, Adair CE, Armitage GD. Ten Key Principles for Successful Health Systems Integration. Healthc Q [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2023 Oct 5];13(Spec No):16–23. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004930/ . DOI: 10.12927/hcq.2009.21092 - Valentijn PP, Schepman SM, Opheij W, Bruijnzeels MA. Understanding integrated care: a comprehensive conceptual framework based on the integrative functions of primary care. 2013 Mar 22 [cited 2023 Jun 8];13(1). DOI: 10.5334/ijic.886
- Peters MDJ, Marnie C, Tricco AC, Pollock D, Munn Z, Alexander L, et al. Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Implementation [Internet]. 2021 Mar [cited 2023 Jul 3];19(1):3. Available from:
https://journals.lww.com/ijebh/Fulltext/2021/03000/Updated_methodological_guidance_for_the_conduct_of.2.aspx . DOI: 10.1097/XEB.0000000000000277 - PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation | Annals of Internal Medicine [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 3]. Available from:
https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M18-0850 . - Baumgartner JN, Green M, Weaver MA, Mpangile G, Kohi TW, Mujaya SN, et al. Integrating family planning services into HIV care and treatment clinics in Tanzania: evaluation of a facilitated referral model. Health Policy Plan. 2014 Aug;29(5):570–9. DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czt043
- Baumgartner JN, Otieno-Masaba R, Weaver MA, Grey TW, Reynolds HW. Service delivery characteristics associated with contraceptive use among youth clients in integrated voluntary counseling and HIV testing clinics in Kenya. AIDS Care. 2012;24(10):1290–301. DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2012.658753
- Baynes C, O’Connell KA, Lusiola G, Garfinkel D, Kahwa J. The effects of interventions to integrate long-acting reversible contraception with treatment for incomplete abortion: Results of a 6-year interrupted time series analysis in hospitals in mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022 Dec;159(3):662–71. DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.14203
- Biswas KK, Pearson E, Shahidullah SM, Sultana S, Chowdhury R, Andersen KL. Integrating postabortion care, menstrual regulation and family planning services in Bangladesh: a pre-post evaluation. Reproductive Health [Internet]. 2017 Mar 11 [cited 2025 Jun 6];14(1):37. DOI: 10.1186/s12978-017-0298-1
- Chen Y, Begnel E, Muthigani W, Achwoka D, Mcgrath CJ, Singa B, et al. Higher contraceptive uptake in HIV treatment centers offering integrated family planning services: A national survey in Kenya. Contraception. 2020 Jul;102(1):39–45. DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2020.04.003
- Cohen CR, Grossman D, Onono M, Blat C, Newmann SJ, Burger RL, et al. Integration of family planning services into HIV care clinics: Results one year after a cluster randomized controlled trial in Kenya. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):
e0172992 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172992 - Cooper CM, Wille J, Shire S, Makoko S, Tsega A, Schuster A, et al. Integrated Family Planning and Immunization Service Delivery at Health Facility and Community Sites in Dowa and Ntchisi Districts of Malawi: A Mixed Methods Process Evaluation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health [Internet]. 2020 Jan [cited 2025 Jun 10];17(12):4530. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124530
- Cooper CM, Ogutu A, Matiri E, Tappis H, Mackenzie D, Pfitzer A, et al. Maximizing Opportunities: Family Planning and Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition Integration in Bondo Sub-County, Kenya. Matern Child Health J. 2017 Oct;21(10):1880–9. DOI: 10.1007/s10995-017-2341-9
- Demissie DB, Mmusi-Phetoe R. Integration of family planning services with HIV treatment for women of reproductive age attending ART clinic in Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Reproductive Health [Internet]. 2021 May 22 [cited 2025 Jun 10];18(1):102. DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01157-0
- Dulli L, Field S, Masaba R, Ndiritu J. Addressing broader reproductive health needs of female sex workers through integrated family planning/HIV prevention services: A non-randomized trial of a health-services intervention designed to improve uptake of family planning services in Kenya. PLOS ONE [Internet]. 2019 Jul 24 [cited 2025 Jun 10];14(7):
e0219813 . DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219813 - Dulli LS, Eichleay M, Rademacher K, Sortijas S, Nsengiyumva T. Meeting Postpartum Women’s Family Planning Needs Through Integrated Family Planning and Immunization Services: Results of a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Rwanda. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2016 Mar;4(1):73–86. DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-15-00291
- Erhardt-Ohren B, Schroffel H, Rochat R. Integrated Family Planning and Routine Child Immunization Services in Benin: A Process Evaluation. Matern Child Health J. 2020 Jun;24(6):701–8. DOI: 10.1007/s10995-020-02915-5
- Grossman D, Onono M, Newmann SJ, Blat C, Bukusi EA, Shade SB, et al. Integration of family planning services into HIV care and treatment in Kenya: a cluster-randomized trial. AIDS. 2013 Oct;27 Suppl 1:S77–85. DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000035
- Hawkins L, Gertz AM, Badubi O, Sickboy O, Mussa A, Maotwe T, et al. Integration of family planning services into health care for HIV-positive women in Botswana. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021 Feb;152(2):208–14. DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13464
- Ijarotimi O, Ijarotimi I, Ubom A, Sowemimo O, Orji E. The effect of integration of family planning education with infant vaccination visits on the uptake of postpartum family planning in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2023 Dec;43(1):2186774. DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2023.2186774
- Joshi B, Velhal G, Chauhan S, Kulkarni R, Begum S, Team LS. Linking HIV & family planning services to improve dual methods of contraception among women infected with HIV in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The Indian Journal of Medical Research [Internet]. 2016 Apr [cited 2025 Jun 10];143(4):464. Available from:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4928553/ . DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.184286 - Kirunda I, Livesley N, Zainab A, Jacinto A, Kasule K, Kinoti S, et al. Strategies Used by Facilities in Uganda to Integrate Family Planning into HIV Care: What Works and What Doesn’t. African Journal of Reproductive Health [Internet]. 2017 Jun 16 [cited 2025 Jun 10];14(4). Available from:
https://www.ajrh.info/index.php/ajrh/article/view/557 . - Kosgei RJ, Lubano KM, Shen C, Wools-Kaloustian KK, Musick BS, Siika AM, et al. Impact of integrated family planning and HIV care services on contraceptive use and pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011 Dec 15;58(5):e121–126. DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e318237ca80
- Mackenzie D, Pfitzer A, Maly C, Waka C, Singh G, Sanyal A. Postpartum family planning integration with maternal, newborn and child health services: a cross-sectional analysis of client flow patterns in India and Kenya. BMJ Open. 2018 Apr 3;8(4):
e018580 . DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018580 - Malama K, Kilembe W, Inambao M, Hoagland A, Sharkey T, Parker R, et al. A couple-focused, integrated unplanned pregnancy and HIV prevention program in urban and rural Zambia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Apr;222(4S):S915.e1–S915.e10. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.01.007
- McGinn EK, Irani L. Provider-Initiated Family Planning Within HIV Services in Malawi: Did Policy Make It Into Practice? Global Health: Science and Practice [Internet]. 2019 Dec 23 [cited 2025 Jun 10];7(4):540. Available from:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6927829/ . DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-19-00192 - Medley A, Tsiouris F, Pals S, Senyana B, Hanene S, Kayeye S, et al. An Evaluation of an Enhanced Model of Integrating Family Planning Into HIV Treatment Services in Zambia, April 2018–June 2019. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) [Internet]. 2023 Feb 1 [cited 2025 Jun 10];92(2):134. Available from:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10913187/ . DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000003111 - Mekonnen DA, Roets L. Integrating HIV and Family Planning Services: The Pros and Cons. HIV [Internet]. 2020 Dec 8 [cited 2025 Jun 10];12:879–86. Available from:
https://www.dovepress.com/integrating-hiv-and-family-planning-services-the-pros-and-cons-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-HIV . DOI: 10.2147/HIV.S281997 - Memon Z, Ahmed W, Lashari TH, Jawwad M, Reale S, Spencer R, et al. Impact of Integrating Family planning with Maternal and child health on uptake of contraception: A Quasi-Experimental Study in Rural Pakistan. Public Health and Healthcare [Internet]. Available from:
https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202304.0533/v1 . - Mudiope P, Musingye E, Makumbi CO, Bagenda D, Homsy J, Nakitende M, et al. Greater involvement of HIV-infected peer-mothers in provision of reproductive health services as “family planning champions” increases referrals and uptake of family planning among HIV-infected mothers. BMC Health Services Research [Internet]. 2017 Jun 27 [cited 2025 Jun 10];17(1):444. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-017-2386-x
- Mutisya R, Wambua J, Nyachae P, Kamau M, Karnad SR, Kabue M. Strengthening integration of family planning with HIV/AIDS and other services: experience from three Kenyan cities. Reproductive Health [Internet]. 2019 May 29 [cited 2024 Sep 27];16(1):62. DOI: 10.1186/s12978-019-0715-8
- Nelson AR, Cooper CM, Kamara S, Taylor ND, Zikeh T, Kanneh-Kesselly C, et al. Operationalizing Integrated Immunization and Family Planning Services in Rural Liberia: Lessons Learned From Evaluating Service Quality and Utilization. Global Health: Science and Practice [Internet]. 2019 Sep 23 [cited 2025 Jun 10];7(3):418. Available from:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6816810/ . DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-19-00012 - Newmann SJ, Rocca CH, Zakaras JM, Onono M, Bukusi EA, Grossman D, et al. Does Integrating Family Planning into HIV Services Improve Gender Equitable Attitudes? Results from a Cluster Randomized Trial in Nyanza, Kenya. AIDS Behav. 2016 Sep;20(9):1883–92. DOI: 10.1007/s10461-015-1279-4
- Olakunde BO, Adeyinka DA, OlaOlorun FM, Oladele TT, Yahaya H, Ndukwe CD. Integration of family planning services into HIV services in Nigeria: Evidence from the Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 survey in seven states. Afr J AIDS Res [Internet]. 2021 Jul 1 [cited 2025 Jun 10];20(2):181–8. DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2021.1925312
- Pradhan E, Canning D, Shah IH, Puri M, Pearson E, Thapa K, et al. Integrating postpartum contraceptive counseling and IUD insertion services into maternity care in Nepal: results from stepped-wedge randomized controlled trial. Reproductive Health [Internet]. 2019 May 29 [cited 2025 Jun 10];16(1):69. DOI: 10.1186/s12978-019-0738-1
- Sheahan KL, Orgill-Meyer J, Speizer IS, Curtis S, Paul J, Weinberger M, et al. Development of integration indexes to determine the extent of family planning and child immunization services integration in health facilities in urban areas of Nigeria. Reprod Health. 2021 Feb 23;18(1):47. DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01105-y
- Tawfik Y, Rahimzai M, Ahmadzai M, Clark PA, Kamgang E. Integrating family planning into postpartum care through modern quality improvement: experience from Afghanistan. Global Health, Science and Practice [Internet]. 2014 Apr 15 [cited 2025 Jun 10];2(2):226. Available from:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4168614/ . DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-13-00166 - Tougri H, Yameogo ME, Compaoré R, Dahourou D, Belemsaga DY, Meda B, et al. Gaps and opportunities for the integrated delivery of mother-child care, postpartum family planning and nutrition services in Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire and Niger. Journal of Global Health Reports [Internet]. 2022 Dec 29 [cited 2025 Jun 10];6:
e2022068 . Available from:https://www.joghr.org/article/57370-gaps-and-opportunities-for-the-integrated-delivery-of-mother-child-care-postpartum-family-planning-and-nutrition-services-in-burkina-faso-cote-d-ivo . DOI: 10.29392/001c.57370 - Thyda L, Sineng S, Delvaux T, Srean C, Mary S, Vuochnea P, et al. Implementation and Operational Research: Integration of Family Planning Services in a Peer-Managed HIV Care Clinic Serving Most-at-Risk Populations in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015 Aug 1;69(4):e120–126. DOI: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000635
- Vance G, Janowitz B, Chen M, Boyer B, Kasonde P, Asare G, et al. Integrating family planning messages into immunization services: a cluster-randomized trial in Ghana and Zambia. Health Policy Plan. 2014 May;29(3):359–66. DOI: 10.1093/heapol/czt022
- Yugbaré Belemsaga D, Goujon A, Tougri H, Coulibaly A, Degomme O, Duysburgh E, et al. Integration of maternal postpartum services in maternal and child health services in Kaya health district (Burkina Faso): an intervention time trend analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018 Apr 23;18(1):298. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-018-3098-6
- Zewdie Z, Yitayal M, Kebede Y, Gebeyehu A. Status of family planning integration to HIV care in Amhara regional state, Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth [Internet]. 2020 Mar 6 [cited 2024 Oct 23];20(1):145. DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-2838-x
- Cooper CM, Fields R, Mazzeo CI, Taylor N, Pfitzer A, Momolu M, et al. Successful Proof of Concept of Family Planning and Immunization Integration in Liberia. Global Health: Science and Practice [Internet]. 2015 Mar 2 [cited 2025 Jun 10];3(1):71. Available from:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4356276/ . DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-14-00156 - Boon H, Verhoef M, O’Hara D, Findlay B, Majid N. Integrative healthcare: arriving at a working definition. Altern Ther Health Med. 2004;10(5):48–56.
- Kozlowska O, Lumb A, Tan GD, Rea R. Barriers and facilitators to integrating primary and specialist healthcare in the United Kingdom: a narrative literature review. Future Healthcare Journal [Internet]. 2018 Feb [cited 2025 Apr 21];5(1):64. Available from:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6510038/ . DOI: 10.7861/futurehosp.5-1-64 - Trankle SA, Usherwood T, Abbott P, Roberts M, Crampton M, Girgis CM, et al. Integrating health care in Australia: a qualitative evaluation. BMC Health Services Research [Internet]. 2019 Dec 11 [cited 2025 Jun 11];19(1):954. DOI: 10.1186/s12913-019-4780-z
- Naik S, Suchi T, Lundgren R. Options for maintaining quality family planning counseling: strategies for refresher training. International Journal for Quality in Health Care [Internet]. 2010 Apr 1 [cited 2025 Apr 21];22(2):145–50. DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzp062
- Haberlen SA, Narasimhan M, Beres LK, Kennedy CE. Integration of Family Planning Services into HIV Care and Treatment Services: A Systematic Review. Studies in Family Planning [Internet]. 2017 Mar 24 [cited 2025 Apr 21];48(2):153. Available from:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5516228/ . DOI: 10.1111/sifp.12018 - Leight J, Hensly C, Chissano M, Safran E, Ali L, Dustan D, et al. The effects of text reminders on the use of family planning services: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in urban Mozambique. BMJ Global Health [Internet]. 2022 Apr 14 [cited 2025 Jun 11];7(4):
e007862 . Available from:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9014002/ . DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007862 - UHC service planning & models of care [Internet]. [cited 2025 Apr 21]. Available from:
https://www.who.int/teams/integrated-health-services/clinical-services-and-systems/service-organizations-and-integration . - Suter E, Oelke ND, Adair CE, Armitage GD. Ten Key Principles for Successful Health Systems Integration. Healthcare quarterly (Toronto, Ont) [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2025 Jun 10];13(Spec No):16. Available from:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3004930/ . DOI: 10.12927/hcq.2009.21092 - National Council for Population and Development | The Motion Tracker [Internet]. [cited 2024 Nov 23]. Available from:
https://www.motiontracker.org/organisations/kenya/national-council-population-and-development .
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.8912 | Journal eISSN: 1568-4156
Language: English
Submitted on: May 24, 2024
Accepted on: Jun 19, 2025
Published on: Jul 1, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
© 2025 Farina Gul, Zohra S. Lassi, Gizachew A. Tessema, Jawaria Mukhtar Ahmed, Mohammad Afzal Mahmood, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.