
East Meets West: A Whole-Person Approach in Integrated Care
By: Minmin Luo, Kexing Liu and Shanshan Hong
References
- Beddoe L. Health social work: Professional identity and knowledge. Qualitative Social Work. 2013;12(1):24–40. DOI: 10.1177/1473325011415455
- Hahn RA. Sickness and healing: An anthropological perspective. Yale University Press; 1995.
- Loretta K, John M. The holistic health movement: A survey and critique. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine. 1981;6(2):209–235. DOI: 10.1093/jmp/6.2.209
- Mead N, Peter B. Patient-centredness: a conceptual framework and review of the empirical literature. Social science & medicine. 2000;51(7):1087–1110. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00098-8
- Epstein RM, Street RL. The values and value of patient-centered care. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2011;9(2): 100–103. DOI: 10.1370/afm.1239
- World Health Organization. Framework on integrated, people-centred health services; 2016.
- Lee SM. Lee Geropalliative Caring Model: a situation-specific theory for older adults. Advances in Nursing Science. 2018;41(2):161–173. DOI: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000195
- Lee MY, Wang X, Liu C, et al. Outcome literature review of integrative body–mind–spirit practices for mental health conditions. Social Work Research. 2018;42(3):251–266. DOI: 10.1093/swr/svy018
- Ho RTH, Potash JS, Lo PHY, et al. Holistic interventions to trauma management for teachers following disaster: Expressive arts and integrated body-mind-spirit approaches. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development. 2014;24(4):275–284. DOI: 10.1080/02185385.2014.925819
- Liu CJ, Hsiung PC, Chang KJ, et al. A study on the efficacy of body–mind–spirit group therapy for patients with breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2008;17(19):2539–2549. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02296.x
- Stoop A, Lette M, Ambugo EA, et al. Improving person-centredness in integrated care for older people: experiences from thirteen integrated care sites in Europe. International journal of integrated care. 2020;20(2). DOI: 10.5334/ijic.5427
- Bullington J, Fagerberg I. The fuzzy concept of ‘holistic care’: a critical examination. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. 2013;27(3):493–494. DOI: 10.1111/scs.12053
- Pârvan A. What is this thing called “health”? An ontology for person-centred care. European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare. 2020;8(1):103–118.
http://ejpch.org/ejpch/article/view/1825 - Langberg EM, Dyhr L, Davidsen AS. Development of the concept of patient-centredness–A systematic review. Patient education and counseling. 2019;102(7):1228–1236. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2019.02.023
- Loughlin M, de Miranda L. Treating the whole person: philosophical health. Journal of Evualation in Clinical Practice. 2023;29(7):1057–1060. DOI: 10.1111/jep.13910
- World Health Organization. Expert meeting on evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of COVID-19. (2022-03-31) [2023-09-08].
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-expert-meeting-on-evaluation-of-traditional-chinese-medicine-in-the-treatment-of-covid-19 . - Jenkins TN. Chinese traditional thought and practice: lessons for an ecological economics worldview. Ecological Economics. 2002;40(1):39–52. DOI: 10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00263-4
- Chan CLW, Ng SM, Ho RTH, et al. East meets West: applying Eastern spirituality in clinical practice. Journal of clinical nursing. 2006;15(7):822–832. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01649.x
- Tu Y. The discovery of artemisinin (qinghaosu) and gifts from Chinese medicine. Nature medicine. 2011;17(10):1217–1220. DOI: 10.1038/nm.2471
- Wu XX, Yu X, Yang H. Process, Structure and Governance Boundaries of Healthcare Service System Integration: Chinese Practice. Zhejiang Academic Journal. 2022;03:54–63 [in Chinese]. DOI: 10.16235/j.cnki.33-1005/c.2022.03.023
- Colquhoun HL, Levac D, O’Brien KK, et al. Scoping reviews: time for clarity in definition, methods, and reporting. Journal of clinical epidemiology. 2014;67(12):1291–1294. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.03.013
- Arksey H, O’Malley L. Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International journal of social research methodology. 2005;8(1):19–32. DOI: 10.1080/1364557032000119616
- Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology. 2006;3(2):77–101. DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Holmström I, Röing M. The relation between patient-centeredness and patient empowerment: a discussion on concepts. Patient education and counseling. 2010;79(2):167–172. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2009.08.008
- Hudon C, Fortin M, Haggerty J, et al. Patient-centered care in chronic disease management: a thematic analysis of the literature in family medicine. Patient education and counseling. 2012;88(2):170–176. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2012.01.009
- Jayadevappa R, Chhatre S. Patient centered care-a conceptual model and review of the state of the art. The Open Health Services and Policy Journal. 2011;4(1):15–25.
https://www.med.upenn.edu/patientcenteredresearch/assets/docs/4.pdf . DOI: 10.2174/1874924001104010015 - Ishikawa H, Hashimoto H, Kiuchi T. The evolving concept of “patient-centeredness” in patient–physician communication research. Social science & medicine. 2013;96:147–153. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.07.026
- Lin, KM.
Traditional Chinese medical beliefs and their relevance for mental illness and psychiatry . In Kleinman A, Tsung-yi L, editors. Normal and Abnormal Behavior in Chinese Culture, Illness and Healing, Vol. 2. Dordrecht: Springer; 1981. pp. 95–111. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-4986-2_6 - Yuen YC, Ren, JS, Wang L, et al. Chines-English dictionary of traditional Chinese medicine. Beijing, China: People’s Health; 1997 [in Chinese].
- Lu M, Busemeyer JR. Do traditional Chinese theories of Yi Jing (‘Yin-Yang’ and Chinese medicine go beyond western concepts of mind and matter. Mind and Matter. 2014;12(1):37–59.
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/imp/mm/2014/00000012/00000001/art00003 . - Illingworth R. What does ‘patient-centred’ mean in relation to the consultation? The clinical teacher. 2010;7(2):116–120. DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-498x.2010.00367.x
- Morgan S, Yoder LH. A Concept Analysis of Person-Centered Care. Journal of Holistic Nursing. 2012;30(1):6–15. DOI: 10.1177/0898010111412189
- Entwistle VA, Watt IS. Treating patients as persons: a capabilities approach to support delivery of person-centered care. The American Journal of Bioethics. 2013;13(8):29–39. DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2013.802060
- Andermann A. Taking action on the social determinants of health in clinical practice: a framework for health professionals. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2016;188(17–18):474–483. DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.160177
- Marmot M, Allen J, Bell R, et al. WHO European review of social determinants of health and the health divide. The Lancet. 2012;380(9846):1011–1029.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61228-8/abstract . DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61228-8 - Hoel AS, Carusi A. Merleau-Ponty and the measuring body. Theory, Culture & Society. 2018;35(1):45–70. DOI: 10.1177/0263276416688542
- Tong M, Liu F. Role Consensus and Role Practice of Cross-Professional Cooperation in Medical Social Work. Social Sciences of Beijing. 2018;(1):78–85 [in Chinese]. DOI: 10.13262/j.bjsshkxy.bjshkx.180107
- Ye JF, Jiang X, Qi J, et al. International Comparison and Enlightenment of Integrated Health Services Models. Management Review. 2019;6(31):199–210 [in Chinese]. DOI: 10.14120/j.cnki.cn11-5057/f.2019.06.006
- Calida ER, Furman L. Spiritual diversity in social work practice:the heart of helping (2nd eds.) New York: Oxford university of press; 2010.
- Sidani S, Fox M. Patient-centered care: clarification of its specific elements to facilitate interprofessional care. Journal of interprofessional care. 2014;28(2):134–141. DOI: 10.3109/13561820.2013.862519
- Langevin HM. Making connections to improve health outcomes. Global advances in health and medicine. 2022;(11):1–14. DOI: 10.1177/2164957X221079792
- Pritzker S, Katz M, Hui KK. Person-centered medicine at the intersection of East and West. European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare. 2013;1(1):209–215. DOI: 10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.653
- Tong M, Xu JX. Mindfulness-based therapy: intervention strategy from an oriental perspective. Journal of Zhejiang Gongshang University. 2018;(05):105–114 [in Chinese]. DOI: 10.14134/j.cnki.cn33-1337/c.2018.05.011
- Lee KCG, Oh A, Zhao Q, et al. Buddhist counseling: Implications for mental health professionals. Spirituality in Clinical Practice. 2017;4(2):113. DOI: 10.1037/scp0000124
- Ng SM, Chan CLW, Leung PPY, et al. Beyond survivorship: Achieving a harmonious dynamic equilibrium using a Chinese medicine framework in health and mental health. Social Work and Global Mental Health. 2013;63–81. DOI: 10.1080/15332980802072405
- van der Linden R, Schermer M. Health and disease as practical concepts: exploring function in context-specific definitions. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 2022;25(1):131–140.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11019-021-10058-9 . DOI: 10.1007/s11019-021-10058-9 - Lusk JM, Fater K. A concept analysis of patient-centered care. Nursing forum. 2013;48(2):89–98. DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12019
- Pelletier LR, Stichler JF. Patient-centered care and engagement: nurse leaders’ imperative for health reform. The Journal of Nursing Administration. 2014;44(9):473–480. DOI: 10.1097/NNA.0000000000000102
- Hui KK, Hui EK, Johnston MF. The potential of a person-centered approach in caring for patients with cancer: a perspective from the UCLA center for East-West medicine. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2006;5(1):56–62. DOI: 10.1177/1534735405286109
- Peng SM. Cultural Resources of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Construction of Local Social Work. Social Work and Management. 2018;18(04):12–27. [in Chinese]
- Feng BY, Xuan CQ. “Tongguoshen”: Another Perspective to Understand the Theory of “Embodiment” in Chinese Culture. Chinese Journal of Sociology. 2023;43(04):40–71 [in Chinese]. DOI: 10.15992/j.cnki.31-1123/c.2023.04.001
- Hong L. Theoretical study of “preventive treatment of disease” in traditional Chinese medicine. Healthy Aging. 2011;41–53. DOI: 10.1142/9789814317726_0003
- Armstrong D. Actors, patients and agency: a recent history. From Health Behaviours to Health Practices. 2014;7–18. DOI: 10.1002/9781118898345.ch2
- Haggerty JL, Pineault R, Beaulieu MD, et al. Practice features associated with patient-reported accessibility, continuity, and coordination of primary health care. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2008;6(2):116–123. DOI: 10.1370/afm.802
- Entwistle VA, Watt IS. Treating patients as persons: a capabilities approach to support delivery of person-centered care. The American Journal of Bioethics. 2013;13(8):29–39. DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2013.802060
- Leung PP, Chan CL, Ng S, et al. Towards body–mind–spirit integration: East meets West in clinical social work practice. Clinical Social Work Journal. 2009;37:303–311.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10615-009-0201-9 . DOI: 10.1007/s10615-009-0201-9 - Yao H, Chan LW. Health Social Work Practice with Covid-19: An Integrative Body-mind-spirit Approach. Social Construction. 2020;7(3):28–36 [in Chinese].
- Entwistle VA, Watt IS. Treating patients as persons: a capabilities approach to support delivery of person-centered care. The American Journal of Bioethics. 2013;13(8):29–39. DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2013.802060
- Pelletier LR, Stichler JF. Patient-centered care and engagement: nurse leaders’ imperative for health reform. The Journal of Nursing Administration. 2014;44(9):473–480. DOI: 10.1097/NNA.0000000000000102
- Liang D, Mei L, Chen Y, et al. Building a people-centred integrated care model in urban China: a qualitative study of the health reform in Luohu. International journal of integrated care. 2020;20(1). DOI: 10.5334/ijic.4673
- Gustafsson LK, Anbäcken EM, Elfström ML, et al. Working with short-term goal-directed reablement with older adults: strengthened by a collaborative approach. Nordic journal of nursing research. 2019;39(4):178–185. DOI: 10.1177/2057158519850974
- Kogan AC, Wilber K, Mosqueda L. Person-centered care for older adults with chronic conditions and functional impairment: A systematic literature review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2016;64(1):1–7. DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13873
- Currie G, White L. Inter-professional barriers and knowledge brokering in an organizational context: the case of healthcare. Organization Studies. 2012;33(10):1333–136. DOI: 10.1177/0170840612457617
- Laprise C. It’s time to take a sustainable approach to health care in the face of the challenges of the 21st century. One Health. 2023;16:
100510 . DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100510 - Castro EM, Van Regenmortel T, Vanhaecht K, et al. Patient empowerment, patient participation and patient-centeredness in hospital care: A concept analysis based on a literature review. Patient education and counseling. 2016;99(12):1923–1939. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2016.07.026
- Chan C, Ying Ho PS, Chow E. A body-mind-spirit model in health: an Eastern approach. Social work in health care. 2002;34(3–4):261–282. DOI: 10.1300/J010v34n03_02
- Ma Y, Chen M, Guo Y, et al. Prevention and treatment of infectious diseases by traditional Chinese medicine: a commentary. Journal of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology. 2019;127(5):372–384. DOI: 10.1111/apm.12928
- Håkansson Eklund J, Holmström IK, Kumlin T, et al. “Same same or different?” A review of reviews of person-centered and patient-centered care. Patient education and counseling. 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2018.08.029
- Shafran R, Bennett SD, McKenzie Smith M. Interventions to support integrated psychological care and holistic health outcomes in paediatrics. Healthcare. 2017;5(3): 44. DOI: 10.3390/healthcare5030044
- Karchmer EI. Chinese medicine in action: On the postcoloniality of medical practice in China. Medical Anthropology. 2010:29(3):226–252. DOI: 10.1080/01459740.2010.488665
- Ng S, Chan CLW, Ho DYF, et al. Stagnation as a distinct clinical syndrome: comparing ‘Yu’ (stagnation) in traditional Chinese medicine with depression. British Journal of Social Work. 2006;36(3):467–484. DOI: 10.1093/bjsw/bcl008
- Entwistle VA, Watt IS. Treating patients as persons: a capabilities approach to support delivery of person-centered care. The American Journal of Bioethics. 2013:13(8):29–39. DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2013.802060
- Greene JA, Loscalzo J. Putting the patient back together—social medicine, network medicine, and the limits of reductionism. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;377(25):2493–2499. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMms1706744
- Tu J, Liao J. Primary care providers’ perceptions and experiences of family-centered care for older adults: a qualitative study of community-based diabetes management in China. BMC geriatrics. 2021;21:1–10.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12877-021-02380-x . DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02380-x - Zhao K, Tan W, Tsang AKT. Indigenization and authentization of epistemology in China’s social work: Moving beyond Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese Buddhism. International Social Work. 2023;66(4):1005–1017. DOI: 10.1177/00208728211041669
- Qiu J. Traditional medicine: a culture in the balance. Nature. 2007;448(7150):126–129. DOI: 10.1038/448126a
- Santana MJ, Manalili K, Jolley RJ. How to practice person-centred care: A conceptual framework. Health Expectations. 2018;21(2):429–440. DOI: 10.1111/hex.12640
- Srivastava S, Reid BJ, Ghosh S, et al. Research needs for understanding the biology of overdiagnosis in cancer screening. Journal of cellular physiology. 2016;231(9):1870–1875. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25227
- Holden K, McGregor B, Thandi P, et al. Toward culturally centered integrative care for addressing mental health disparities among ethnic minorities. Psychological services. 2014;11(4):357.
https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2014-45739-001 . DOI: 10.1037/a0038122 - Jonas WB, Rosenbaum E. The case for whole-person integrative care. Medicina. 2021;57(7):677. DOI: 10.3390/medicina57070677
- Tong M. The Concept of Mental Health in Cultural Situations and Its Implications for Local Social Work in China. Marxism & Reality. 2010;(05):126–129 [in Chinese]. DOI: 10.15894/j.cnki.cn11-3040/a.2010.05.032
- Ma YN, Chen SQ. The Coordination of “Object Empowerment” and “Environmental Optimization” in the Process of Integrating Social Work Practice into Social Assistance. Social Sciences of Beijing. 2024;9:118–128 [in Chinese]. DOI: 10.13262/j.bjsshkxy.bjshkx.240911
- Rybicka M, Zhao J, Piotrowicz K, et al. Promoting whole person health: Exploring therole of traditional Chinese medicine in Polish healthcare. Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2023;21(6):509–517. DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2023.10.001
- Thomas H, Best M, Mitchell G. Whole-person care in general practice: ‘The nature of whole-person care’. Australian journal of general practice. 2020;49(1/2):54–60.
https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.930797150583048 . DOI: 10.31128/AJGP-05-19-49501 - Kaslow NJ, Bollini AM, Druss B, et al. Health care for the whole person: Research update. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. 2007;38(3):278.
https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2007-07614-011 . DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.38.3.278 - Valentijn PP, Schepman SM, Opheij W, et al. Understanding integrated care: a comprehensive conceptual framework based on the integrative functions of primary care. International journal of integrated care. 2013;13:10. DOI: 10.5334/ijic.886
- Lv XM, Deng R. Monism to Pluralism: New Ideas of Contemporary Health Concept. Philosophical Analysis. 2023;14(1):35–49 [in Chinese].
- Ke X, Zhang L, Tang W. Evolutionary trends in integrated care in 2000–2020 in China: A scientometric review using citespace. International Journal of Integrated Care. 2022;22(3). DOI: 10.5334/ijic.6006
- Tilson EC, Muse A, Colville K, et al. Investing in whole person health: working toward an integration of physical, behavioral, and social health. North Carolina Medical Journal. 2020;81(3):177–180. DOI: 10.18043/ncm.81.3.177
- Pitcher MH, Edwards E, Langevin HM, et al. Complementary and integrative health therapies in whole person resilience research. Stress and Health. 2023;39(S1):55–61. DOI: 10.1002/smi.3276
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.9003 | Journal eISSN: 1568-4156
Language: English
Submitted on: Oct 4, 2024
Accepted on: Apr 9, 2025
Published on: Apr 21, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
© 2025 Minmin Luo, Kexing Liu, Shanshan Hong, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.