Figure 1
Predicted relationships between context availability, sentence availability, imageability and semantic diversity. Negative relationships are shown in blue, and positive relationships in red.
Figure 2
Histograms showing the distribution of CA (M = 5.69, SD = 0.68) and SA (M = 5.94, SD = 0.67).
Figure 3
Scatterplot showing the relationship between context availability and sentence availability, with examples labelled.
Figure 4
Pearson correlations for CA, SA and other lexical variables, based on N available for each pairwise correlation.
Table 1
Factor loadings for an exploratory factor analysis using oblique rotation. Only words with data for all variables are included (N = 1,270). Loadings less than 0.3 are not displayed; lower part of table shows correlation between factors.
| OCCURRENCE | RICHNESS | AFFECT | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA | 0.501 | 0.487 | |
| SA | 0.801 | ||
| Zipf Freq | 0.801 | ||
| AoA | –0.774 | ||
| Doc Count | 0.626 | ||
| Senses | 0.574 | ||
| SemD | 0.497 | –0.424 | |
| Concreteness | 0.874 | ||
| Imageability | 0.936 | ||
| Valence | 0.824 | ||
| Arousal | |||
| Dominance | 0.857 | ||
| BOI | 0.808 | ||
| OCCURRENCE | RICHNESS | AFFECT | |
| Occurrence | .15 | .24 | |
| Richness | .15 | .12 | |
| Affect | .24 | .12 |
Figure 5
Scree plot showing the factors identified by parallel analysis. Note that only Factors 1 and 2 had Eigen values above 1.0.
Table 2
Fixed effects predicting lexical decision accuracy (upper section) and RT (lower section in BLP data (N = 1724 words).
| ESTIMATE | SE | Z | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 2.99045 | 0.14370 | 20.810 | <.001 | |
| Freq | 0.45056 | 0.06463 | 6.971 | <.001 | |
| AoA | 0.06837 | 0.06679 | 1.024 | .306 | |
| SemD | 0.15179 | 0.04844 | 3.133 | .002 | |
| Imageability | 0.27313 | 0.05048 | 5.410 | <.001 | |
| CA | 0.25046 | 0.05375 | 4.660 | <.001 | |
| SA | 0.33520 | 0.05763 | 5.817 | <.001 | |
| ESTIMATE | SE | DF | T | P | |
| Intercept | 586.037 | 11.259 | 37.502 | 52.052 | <.001 |
| Freq | –18.910 | 1.628 | 2054.430 | –11.615 | <.001 |
| AoA | 5.007 | 1.723 | 2042.398 | 2.905 | .004 |
| SemD | –3.538 | 1.325 | 2094.082 | –2.671 | .008 |
| Imageability | –4.962 | 1.256 | 2039.830 | –3.951 | <.001 |
| CA | –10.991 | 1.435 | 2068.772 | –7.660 | <.001 |
| SA | –10.501 | 1.590 | 2092.945 | –6.602 | <.001 |
[i] Note: Model structure: LD ~ Freq + AoA + SemD + imageability + context availability + sentence availability + (1|participant) + (1|word).
Table 3
Fixed effects predicting lexical decision accuracy (upper section) and RT (lower section in ELP data (N = 2119 words).
| ESTIMATE | SE | Z | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | –2.44269 | 0.45169 | –5.408 | <.001 | |
| Freq | 0.42106 | 0.04631 | 9.092 | <.001 | |
| AoA | –0.05054 | 0.01619 | –3.122 | .002 | |
| SemD | 0.68378 | 0.10889 | 6.279 | <.001 | |
| Imageability | 0.28597 | 0.02624 | 10.896 | <.001 | |
| CA | 0.14105 | 0.05627 | 2.507 | .012 | |
| SA | 0.22429 | 0.05900 | 3.802 | <.001 | |
| ESTIMATE | SE | DF | T | P | |
| Intercept | 977.2004 | 25.2271 | 2236.1832 | 38.736 | <.001 |
| Freq | –28.7873 | 2.3931 | 2103.7453 | –12.029 | <.001 |
| AoA | 3.2613 | 0.8641 | 2099.2646 | 3.774 | <.001 |
| SemD | –29.0695 | 5.9157 | 2098.5337 | –4.914 | <.001 |
| Imageability | –12.0402 | 1.3371 | 2098.8602 | –9.005 | <.001 |
| CA | –7.3309 | 2.9978 | 2099.0068 | –2.445 | .015 |
| SA | –14.1835 | 3.2280 | 2100.8502 | –4.394 | <.001 |
[i] Note: Model structure: LD ~ Freq + AoA + SemD + imageability + context availability + sentence availability + (1|participant) + (1|word).