Figure 1
Schematic illustration of a critical trial sequence in Experiments 1–4, along with all possible unexpected objects used in each experiment. The timing of the displays was the same for all four experiments: A fixation dot appeared for 1,000 ms, followed by the cross for 200 ms, and then by a mask. On the critical trial, an unexpected object replaced the fixation dot while the cross was present. The mask in Experiment 1 was black and white because the unexpected objects (face stimuli) were the same colors as well. Experiments 2–4 used a color mask because the unexpected objects were colored (flags in Experiment 2 and petrol company logos in Experiments 3 and 4).
Figure 2
Simulation illustrating the likelihood of differences in noticing rates of various magnitudes as a function of the mean noticing rate across the two groups (with no actual difference in noticing between the two groups). The horizontal dashed line is at 5%, so differences in noticing falling below that line would be expected less than 5% of the time if there actually were no differences between groups. The graph shows average noticing rates above 50%, but the pattern would be the same for averages less than 50% based on how far they fall from 50% (e.g., the results for an average of 40% would be the same as for an average of 60%).
Figure 3
Pattern of noticing for Experiment 1 along with earlier results with schematic faces from studies by Mack & Rock (1998) and Redlich, Memmert, & Kreitz (2022).
Figure 4
Pattern of noticing for Experiment 2.
Figure 5
Pattern of noticing for Experiment 2 – exploratory analysis.
Figure 6
Pattern of noticing for Experiment 3.
Figure 7
Pattern of noticing for Experiment 3 – secondary analysis.
Figure 8
Pattern of noticing for Experiment 3 – exploratory analysis.
Figure 9
Pattern of noticing for Experiment 4.
Figure 10
Pattern of noticing for Experiment 4 – a secondary analysis.
Figure 11
Pattern of noticing for Experiment 4 – an exploratory analysis.