Figure 1
Depicting of the distribution of four-letter word stimuli (flankers and target) across nine eccentricity gaps. At the initial gap, the center of the flanker string was positioned at 1.65° of visual angle from the target string center. Subsequently, each eccentricity was located approximately one space further away from the target string center. At the final gap, the flanker string was positioned at 4.29° of visual angle from the center of the target string.
Figure 2
Illustration of the experimental procedure with an example of the related conditions. The central fixation dot is used as a stimulus trigger while waiting for the participant’s gaze to land. As soon as the gaze is detected, the stimulus, consisting of the target flanked by the related words located at an eccentricity of 2.64°, is displayed for a very brief period of 170 ms. The participant’s response is expected within 4000 ms and is collected via the keyboard: p for words and q for pseudowords.
Table 1
Mean RTs (in milliseconds), accuracy (probabilities) for word targets (Standard deviations in parentheses) and delta (unrelated–related) are provided for each of the experimental conditions.
| FLANKERS ECCENTRITY (DEGREES) | RTS/RELATEDNESS | ACCURACY/RELATEDNESS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RELATED | UNRELATED | Δ (SIGNIF.) | RELATED | UNRELATED | Δ (SIGNIF.) | |
| 1.65° | 576 (74) | 642 (66) | 66*** | .97 (.06) | .94 (.09) | –.03** |
| 1.98° | 586 (70) | 624 (63) | 38*** | .95 (.07) | .93 (.10) | –.02 ns |
| 2.31° | 580 (68) | 617 (60) | 37*** | .95 (.09) | .93 (.09) | –.02 ns |
| 2.64° | 582 (69) | 613 (71) | 31*** | .95 (.07) | .94 (.08) | –.01 ns |
| 2.97° | 586 (73) | 612 (70) | 26*** | .95 (.08) | .93 (.09) | –.02 ns |
| 3.30° | 573 (68) | 601 (69) | 28*** | .96 (.07) | .93 (.09) | –.03 ^ |
| 3.63° | 579 (66) | 596 (67) | 17 ** | .96 (.07) | .95 (.08) | –.01 ns |
| 3.96° | 574 (69) | 598 (70) | 24*** | .94 (.08) | .93 (.10) | –.01 ns |
| 4.29° | 574 (65) | 605 (72) | 31*** | .96 (.08) | .94 (.09) | –.02 ns |
[i] Notes. Delta (Δ) represents for the relatedness effects (unrelated–related). Accuracy rates and RTs significance values were calculated from a no-intercept model specified as following: accuracy/log10(RT) ~ 0 + relatedness:eccentricity + (relatedness|subject) + (relatedness|item).
Significance levels: ***p < .001, **p < .01, *p < .05, ^p < .10 and nsp > .10.
Figure 3
Base-10 logarithmic RTs across eccentricity in both the related (grey) and the unrelated (black) conditions. Lines represent for linear and quadratic prediction values and points for observed data. Error bars are the within-participant 95% Confidence intervals (Cousineau & O’Brian, 2014).
List of target words and unrelated flankers (set of high-frequency words).
| TARGET WORD | UNRELATED FLANKER | TARGET WORD | UNRELATED FLANKER | TARGET WORD | UNRELATED FLANKER |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| adem | rots | heks | blad | orde | zeep |
| alle | truc | hond | maal | park | geil |
| auto | loon | hoog | veld | pers | bouw |
| berg | klop | huis | pech | plek | grot |
| boot | live | hulp | vlag | plus | knie |
| bord | muis | jong | sire | pond | blut |
| bril | munt | jouw | tank | punt | nood |
| bron | staf | jury | roos | ramp | mode |
| buik | nest | kamp | west | reis | doei |
| club | verf | kast | trui | ring | knal |
| code | lamp | keer | zand | slag | ruil |
| dame | knop | kind | vers | slot | aard |
| deur | soep | kist | borg | snap | golf |
| dief | blok | klap | gids | stad | beet |
| dier | ofzo | klok | buit | stof | ezel |
| doen | wijf | laag | poen | teef | luxe |
| echt | lied | leuk | rand | tent | pols |
| eeuw | zoet | lijf | klem | tijd | wolf |
| enig | riem | lijn | zout | toen | geur |
| erom | link | meid | tape | tong | hemd |
| eten | plat | melk | zone | tuin | stam |
| fijn | halt | mijn | kaas | vlug | wond |
| flat | leed | moed | pijp | voet | stok |
| fles | bond | naam | roze | voor | stal |
| foto | daad | neef | coma | vuil | gene |
| gast | boer | neus | tuig | werk | vies |
| gave | fris | niet | lord | wild | duim |
| geen | hout | noch | zuur | zelf | joch |
| glas | wiet | olie | helm | zoon | gras |
| goud | fase | open | doof | zwak | grof |
List of target words and unrelated flankers (set of low-frequency words).
| TARGET WORD | UNRELATED FLANKER | TARGET WORD | UNRELATED FLANKER | TARGET WORD | UNRELATED FLANKER |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| baat | lier | kruk | biep | puik | tred |
| balk | spil | kuis | zoem | rund | nipt |
| beuk | mint | kurk | zeef | slak | trog |
| bieb | klip | kwal | pees | sluw | deck |
| bijl | tuba | laan | oker | smak | berm |
| boks | wurm | lade | kolf | sneu | drup |
| boog | mals | loer | wrat | snor | edel |
| buur | knol | lomp | waas | snot | mime |
| darm | enen | luid | hoes | spin | kaap |
| doek | plug | mank | teug | spit | grom |
| doop | reuk | mast | bres | stek | hoon |
| duif | pens | meel | vilt | stip | orka |
| dump | kier | mest | laks | stro | kiwi |
| galg | hiel | mild | brul | stug | jive |
| gans | vete | milt | zool | vaat | tros |
| gips | kaft | moes | lauw | vonk | aula |
| hark | föhn | muil | knor | vouw | knel |
| heup | foei | naad | loof | waak | leus |
| jeuk | riet | norm | gesp | waan | gnoe |
| kalf | bout | ober | fors | werf | judo |
| klik | dauw | oven | zeug | zalf | bonk |
| knik | hars | peil | hork | zoen | gril |
| knus | welp | poot | hels | ||
| kras | merg | prop | kiem |
[i] *-The target words that achieved an accuracy rate of less than 70% were the following: alom, ambt, cast, clou, doch, doeg, dunk, fern, fuif, hens, huls, loge, nors, pact, pief, poel, ruis, sein, smid, vrek.