Fig. 1
![Endocrine parameters that should be monitored in patients during monoclonal antibody treatment. A – endocrine side effects management algorithm [77], B – proposition of endocrine inspection during ICPi treatment [36]*TSH and FT4 measurement could be done each week during the first 2 months of ICPi treatment**If there is no corticosteroid treatmentAbbreviations: ICPi: Immune checkpoint inhibitor, TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone, FT4: Free thyroxine, ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone, HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c, LLN: below limit of normal, ULN: upper limit of normal, IV: intravenous, PO: per os.](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647088b271e4585e08a9f607/j_01.3001.0014.8889_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKDYYDAVY4%2F20260307%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260307T163822Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEDUaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIDgcv8MakFdSSmq7krOm1%2BhmtUlrbbyuBWsYB4T4CqkuAiEA8RslYzveE%2BvBtMK5ZH7AZH7HV6rnXBXNEGWUGAqXZoYqxgUI%2Fv%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDBG2rFKxsNXTGsyLnCqaBRbHZSU8OVbQ4Mb4gGuA66LWZh7RPKs4qEVsoDUyKbGZiFgTRrIB8tNuwehh8rDueDWD%2B0ANcILb%2F9oWik6M3A7k%2FmPnx%2BpFkQ0ELJW7zquuORhr7n75rSZBSYHi7hUh5PbXpzl%2Fp8VqHOv8DrXPN0gmAt1qyCXgw5vl0W6NYw6HXp1sjtktSt8apsQW14K9AJDR7GKh%2BbCXXh4z612MQZEKtg8GqPICnDEL1j8uCFj6dWwiTDUWYiZlV8xIYLB0AysLDUoEa%2B1XftwRXdqjKV0nrSX19kZbClyKdyYW2%2Fwyp3x6A9ed3eUTmYEdeMigd8rOVhWNOvnyMmias5bf%2FqyxDe%2FJT4HIn2HG7OzvkoPcULatJZz%2F2e9subBRk0%2FBHm7EjvrorsE1bYeSVgxnSORt4%2BcWNul7uMjxqrg6Dftha9wBo6gtSjaSM6PTu1g1IF32C59JiTYvPfcPRoaW7DUCpa8V0wNc2VIh2sdJvtaz9t9QtAuSjSednQIJbKUg377%2FHEr09l7%2FHS7qiV3WrTQgCCRVSLcS%2FqCtUkadf03pSvu9c8FiMCGWFM7%2FVO12xNLyXgiMKq%2Fg%2F91qOXZJnRdQ6hpLzHKAuYYssLefOVThwQ4%2FJzf0Bp1TaZC8nnH%2B%2F6w4L8miq6gdu9TiJYdhCb3FeZ0osvaC0NsH5AiVf7z5U3fvG8C18Y0GAzwYL3y2XnEOyfebEa%2FMAHgOY9gAGK0N5oro%2B59FodnycJiGH%2FY74boc8xXR4ABQuagXS1b1a7We3pIr5t9heU4eqt0yH%2F3C5JkYP5tidZsqcAuZ0nHF2q%2Bjknn38lynvPqJmQrNJtFw8LI6o%2BQ%2B3Q1LSgGGFZV90Uaj01%2FIr9F20hiZvNFhTzDu6bsSMBKOjDCjvbDNBjqxAdM5YWoeS0rXrsml0TcRJn33jXoaWUN1%2BQFcvtgkx7xvNZz2npgWBTUbEkE4bTlfvltalonIWfriJ7ZeuRvHVGXMpZi%2BvwMS27fRotRRUiFPuBD3EXVFT%2BjhZZYHRLTEijl9eukT22gYJU%2FSJRYcZ4ztOmhdQGg6C%2FbIfN9ytewLVf5%2B8%2FpWeBOEK9qvnSatUGXKpyZ9TMHco8yTnBPlMS5hcCOPtgEKf%2F8wxgeY%2Fv5Nsw%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=debf97c5b4597d541860d38c545d002316fb8219de8f5354009e6d0f09acf12a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Adverse reactions caused by monoclonal antibodies in the endocrine system
| Monoclonal antibody | Therapeutic indications | Very common and common adverse reactions (≥ 1/100) | Uncommon adverse reactions (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100) | Rare and very rare adverse reactions (< 1/1000) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atezolizumab |
| hypothyroidism (very common in combination therapy, common as monotherapy) | hyperthyroidism, diabetes mellitus, adrenal insufficiency | hypophysitis | [71] |
| Avelumab |
| hypothyroidism | adrenal insufficiency, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, autoimmune thyroiditis, adrenocortical insufficiency acute, autoimmune hypothyroidism, hypopituitarism, type 1 diabetes mellitus | - | [4] |
| Durvalumab |
| hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism | adrenal insufficiency, type 1 diabetes mellitus | hypophysitis / hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus | [37] |
| Ipilimumab |
| hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism | adrenal insufficiency, hypopituitarism, hypophysitis, thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus | diabetic ketoacidosis | [57] |
| Pemprolizumab Monotherapy |
| hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism | adrenal insufficiency, hypophysitis, thyroiditis | - | [45] |
| Pemprolizumab Combination with chemotherapy |
| hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism | hypophysitis, thyroiditis, adrenal insufficiency | - | [45] |
| Pemprolizumab Combination with axitinib |
| hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypophysitis, thyroiditis, adrenal insufficiency | - | - | [45] |