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Maternal Employment and Child Survival During the Era of Sustainable Development Goals: Insights from Proportional Hazards Modelling of Nigeria Birth History Data Cover

Maternal Employment and Child Survival During the Era of Sustainable Development Goals: Insights from Proportional Hazards Modelling of Nigeria Birth History Data

Annals of Global Health
Volume 84 (2018): Issue 1
By: Joshua O. Akinyemi,  Bola L. Solanke and  Clifford O. Odimegwu  
Open Access
|Apr 2018
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Analytical framework (Adapted from Rodgers 2011, 48).

Table 1

Employment profile amongst parents of under-five children in Nigeria, NDHS, 2013.

VariablesNo. of Children%
Yes21,86568.7
No9,96431.3
employed by others3,23110.2
self employed19,09760.0
not employed9,50029.8
not working9,43729.7
professional/services2,6318.3
Sales12,51439.3
agriculture/manual7,24722.8
involved17,89856.2
not involved2,0306.4
not working/no cash earning11,89937.4
not working9262.9
professional/services5,51017.3
Sales6,25819.7
agriculture/manual19,13460.1
Table 2

Background characteristics according to type of maternal employment.

VariablesTotal SampleMaternal OccupationAgriculture/manual
N%Not workingProfessional/servicesSales
<20 yrs4,00212.649.73.926.619.8
20–35 yrs22,39470.428.69.239.622.6
above 35 yrs5,43217.019.47.647.425.6
no formal education15,65749.237.22.039.821.1
primary6,12719.319.45.639.835.2
secondary/higher10,04431.524.119.838.317.8
no formal education13,14241.339.22.638.519.8
primary5,88418.521.56.140.432
secondary/higher12,80240.223.615.139.721.6
not currently married1,3374.231.711.234.722.4
currently married30,49195.829.68.139.522.8
Poor14,85146.735.22.236.526.1
Middle6,00118.928.56.037.528
Rich10,97634.422.817.844.115.4
Rural20,70265.032.44.637.325.6
Urban11,12635.024.515.043.117.4
North-Central4,34013.620.27.537.534.9
North-East5,57817.548.93.623.524
North-West11,77537.034.43.045.317
South-East2,8408.921.616.237.225.1
South-South2,9359.222.516.436.025.1
South-West4,36013.711.918.448.920.8
first birth6,28519.841.112.527.818.7
≤24 months6,81321.430.57.238.623.7
25–36 months9,67730.427.37.042.023.8
above 36 months9,05228.423.67.645.123.8
Table 3

Infant and child mortality rates disaggregated by maternal employment profile in Nigeria, NDHS, 2013.

0–11 Months12–59 Months
IMRLog-Rank Test; p-valueCMRLog-Rank Test; p-value
not working7050
professional/services5915
sales6452
agriculture/manual694.06; 0.25564725.3; <0.001*
employed by others6439
self employed6547
not employed712.73; 0.2556503.45; 0.1786
involved6448
not involved5738
not working727.12; 0.0285*481.28; 0.5266
not working6224
professional/services5436
Sales6551
agriculture/manual7111.68; 0.0086*5011.92; 0.0077*

[i] IMR = infant mortality rate; CMR = child mortality rate.

* p < 0.05.

Table 4

Relationship between maternal employment and infant mortality adjusted for other variables, Nigeria, DHS, 2013.

VariablesModel 0Model 1Model 2Model 3
HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)
not working1.18 (0.89–1.55)0.95 (0.67–1.34)0.78 (0.56–1.09)0.83 (0.59–1.15)
professional/services1.001.001.001.00
sales1.07 (0.81–1.41)1.03 (0.76–1.35)0.88 (0.66–1.17)0.90 (0.67–1.20)
agriculture/manual1.16 (0.87–1.54)1.07 (0.80–1.42)0.89 (0.65–1.20)0.91 (0.67–1.25)
involved11.01.01
not involved0.89 (0.68–1.18)0.88 (0.68–1.14)0.89 (0.69–1.15)0.89 (0.68–1.15)
not working/earning cash1.12 (0.98–1.29)1.20 (0.98–1.48)1.21 (0.99–1.47)1.10 (0.87–1.40)
not working1.15 (0.83–1.58)1.07 (0.76–1.49)1.05 (0.73–1.52)0.89 (0.62–1.29)
professional/services1.001.001.001.00
Sales1.19 (0.93–1.53)1.18 (0.93–1.51)1.06 (0.86–1.32)1.04 (0.83–1.30)
agriculture/manual1.29 (1.11–1.49)*1.27 (1.10–1.47)*1.09 (0.95–1.25)1.10 (0.95–1.28)
<0 yrs11
20–35 yrs0.73 (0.63–0.85)*0.91 (0.77–1.08)
above 35 yrs0.87 (0.68–1.12)1.05 (0.77–1.42)
no formal education11.01
Primary0.93 (0.76–1.14)1.06 (0.90–1.24)1.03 (0.86–1.24)
secondary/higher0.68 (0.56–0.84)*0.85 (0.67–1.06)0.79 (0.60–1.02)
no formal education11.01
Primary0.87 (0.73–1.05)0.96 (0.81–1.13)0.98 (0.83–1.14)
secondary/higher0.73 (0.62–0.87)*0.96 (0.79–1.15)1.01 (0.84–1.21)
currently married0.79 (0.62–1.00)0.77 (0.55–1.08)
not currently married1.001.00
poor11.01
middle0.75 (0.62–0.89)*0.78 (0.66–0.93)*0.83 (0.71–0.97)*
Rich0.66 (0.54–0.79)*0.75 (0.61–0.93)*0.88 (0.69–1.11)
rural1.001.00
urban0.72 (0.60–0.87)*0.82 (0.69–0.96)*
North-Central1.10 (0.89–1.36)0.90 (0.71–1.15)
North-East1.24 (0.91–1.69)0.88 (0.64–1.22)
North-West1.41 (1.09–1.83)*1.03 (0.77–1.36)
South-East1.41 (1.11–1.79)*1.28 (1.02–1.61)*
South-South0.97 (0.78–1.20)0.85 (0.68–1.07)
South-West11
first birth1.79 (1.47–2.17)*2.04 (1.64–2.54)*
≤ 24 months2.15 (1.79–2.58)*2.21 (1.85–2.64)*
25–36 months1.35 (1.15–1.59)*1.37 (1.17–1.59)*
above 36 months11

[i] * p < 0.05.

Table 5

Relationship between maternal employment and child mortality adjusted for other variables, Nigeria, DHS, 2013.

VariablesModel 0Model 1Model 2Model 3
HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)
not working2.92 (1.85–4.59)*2.89 (1.63–5.11)*1.51 (0.90–2.51)1.49 (0.89–2.48)
professional/services1.001.001.001.00
sales3.09 (1.98–4.82)*2.91 (1.86–4.57)*1.77 (1.18–2.66)*1.80 (1.20–2.68)*
agriculture/manual2.72 (1.69–4.38)*2.57 (1.58–4.20)*1.43 (0.89–2.29)1.48 (0.93–2.36)
involved1.001.001.001.00
not involved0.82 (0.59–1.12)0.81 (0.59–1.11)0.84 (0.62–1.14)0.91 (0.65–1.27)
not working/not earning cash1.00 (0.82–1.23)0.94 (0.69–1.27)0.93 (0.68–1.27)0.89 (0.65–1.22)
not working0.63 (0.34–1.14)0.63 (0.34–1.15)0.62 (0.36–1.09)0.58 (0.32–1.06)
professional/services1.001.001.001.00
sales1.30 (0.98–1.73)1.20 (0.90–1.60)0.85 (0.63–1.13)0.82 (0.62–1.09)
agriculture/manual1.36 (1.06–1.74)*1.26 (0.98–1.62)0.79 (0.63–0.99)*0.81 (0.65–1.02)
<20 yrs1.001.00
20–35 yrs0.60 (0.47–0.77)*0.64 (0.50–0.82)*
above 35 yrs0.68 (0.54–0.85)*0.62 (0.45–0.86)*
no formal education1.001.001.00
primary0.65 (0.51–0.83)*0.87 (0.68–1.10)0.92 (0.71–1.18)
secondary/higher0.30 (0.22–0.42)*0.61 (0.41–0.91)*0.66 (0.44–0.99)*
no formal education1.001.001.00
primary0.83 (0.66–1.03)1.15 (0.95–1.39)1.17 (0.98–1.40)
secondary/higher0.42 (0.32–0.55)*0.91 (0.69–1.20)0.95 (0.73–1.24)
currently married1.24 (0.80–1.91)0.84 (0.53–1.35)
not currently married1.001.00
poor1.001.001.00
middle0.50 (0.39–0.63)*0.56 (0.45–0.69)*0.65 (0.53–0.82)*
rich0.28 (0.21–0.37)*0.37 (0.28–0.50)*0.53 (0.39–0.72)*
rural1.001.00
urban0.40 (0.29–0.55)*0.70 (0.55–0.89)*
North-Central1.44 (0.88–2.37)0.84 (0.55–1.29)
North-East2.85 (1.64–4.95)*1.33 (0.83–2.14)
North-West3.19 (1.94–5.29)*1.33 (0.86–2.04)
South-East1.59 (0.89–2.84)1.48 (0.92–2.39)
South-South1.36 (0.84–2.21)1.19 (0.79–1.80)
South-West1.001.00
first birth1.40 (1.02–1.920*1.44 (1.05–1.97)*
≤24 months2.17 (1.81–2.61)*2.02 (1.66–2.45)*
25–36 months1.57 (1.21–2.02)*1.46 (1.11–1.91)*
above 36 months1.001.00

[i] * p < 0.05.

Table 6a

Interaction effects of maternal occupation, residence and father’s occupation on infant mortality in Nigeria.

VariablesResidenceFather’s Occupation
UrbanRuralNot WorkingProfessional/ServicesSalesAgriculture/Manual
HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)
not working0.63 (0.36–1.11)0.87 (0.59–1.29)2.50 (0.67–9.29)1.14 (0.55–2.39)0.71 (0.27–1.81)0.65 (0.43–0.97)*
professional/services1.001.001.001.001.001.00
sales1.13 (0.78–1.64)0.79 (0.54–1.16)1.40 (0.51–3.88)1.62 (0.95–2.76)0.87 (0.53–1.43)0.71 (0.49–1.03)
agriculture/manual1.03 (0.71–1.51)0.86 (0.57–1.28)1.70 (0.52–5.56)1.83 (1.01–3.29)*0.96 (0.61–1.49)0.69 (0.48–0.99)*
involved1.001.001.001.001.001.00
not involved1.24 (0.89–1.73)0.78 (0.53–1.13)0.99 (0.14–7.08)0.84 (0.47–1.49)0.81 (0.43–1.51)0.90 (0.68–1.21)
not working/not earning cash1.94 (1.34–2.80)0.89 (0.74–1.07)0.45 (0.17–1.15)1.61 (0.89–2.89)0.99 (0.41–2.36)1.15 (0.91–1.45)
not working0.52 (0.29–0.94)*1.08 (0.71–1.64)
professional/services1.001.00
sales0.79 (0.53–1.18)1.21 (1.01–1.45)*
agriculture/manual1.14 (0.87–1.50)1.15 (0.99–1.35)

[i] * p < 0.05.

Table 6b

Interaction effects of maternal occupation and geo-political region on infant mortality in Nigeria.

VariablesNorth-CentralNorth-EastNorth-WestSouth-EastSouth-SouthSouth-West
HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)
not working1.32 (0.72–2.42)0.98 (0.65–1.48)1.63 (0.89–2.98)0.45 (0.28–0.71)*1.08 (0.28–4.21)1.01 (0.32–3.13)
professional/services1.001.001.001.001.001.00
sales1.12 (0.65–1.95)1.09 (0.64–1.86)0.88 (0.46–1.67)1.01 (0.62–1.66)1.27 (0.57–2.83)0.68 (0.42–1.09)
agriculture/manual1.27 (0.75–2.15)1.15 (0.82–1.59)0.89 (0.47–1.69)0.97 (0.53–1.78)1.09 (0.64–1.86)0.72 (0.37–1.39)
involved1.001.001.001.001.001.00
not involved1.06 (0.64–1.77)0.98 (0.59–1.61)0.73 (0.39–1.33)0.90 (0.51–1.86)1.25 (0.61–2.56)0.76 (0.33–1.75)
not working/not earning cash1.47 (1.09–1.98)*0.73 (0.60–0.87)*0.56 (0.39–0.82)*1.89 (1.42–2.52)*1.40 (0.67–2.92)0.85 (0.28–2.55)
not working0.52 (0.18–1.48)0.69 (0.13–3.70)0.97 (0.49–1.92)0.97 (0.51–1.86)1.29 (0.74–2.25)0.86 (0.34–2.18)
professional/services1.001.001.001.001.001.00
sales1.16 (0.71–1.92)1.27 (0.83–1.93)0.96 (0.65–1.41)0.76 (0.47–1.25)0.87 (0.47–1.63)1.07 (0.47–2.43)
agriculture/manual1.12 (0.74–1.71)1.03 (0.74–1.44)0.95 (0.72–1.24)1.19 (0.96–1.67)1.54 (0.74–3.21)1.51 (1.18–1.93)*

[i] * p < 0.05.

Table 7a

Interaction effects of maternal occupation, residence and father’s occupation on infant mortality in Nigeria.

VariablesResidenceFather’s Occupation
UrbanRuralNot WorkingProfessional/ServicesSalesAgriculture/Manual
HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)
not working3.34 (1.33–8.41)*1.29 (0.59–2.84)SS1.87 (0.42–8.27)3.99 (0.73–21.69)1.13 (0.46–2.78)
professional/services1.001.001.001.001.001.00
sales1.85 (1.01–3.41)*1.95 (1.11–3.41)*0.15 (0.01–2.64)3.89 (1.57–9.67)*1.81 (0.60–5.39)1.72 (0.95–3.11)
agriculture/manual0.96 (0.39–2.33)1.77 (0.98–3.19)0.15 (0.01–2.81)3.49 (1.31–9.33)*1.16 (0.38–3.57)1.49 (0.78–2.83)
involved1.001.001.001.001.001.00
not involved1.36 (0.72–2.58)0.83 (0.56–1.22)SS1.05 (0.48–2.33)1.04 (0.43–2.47)0.84 (0.59–1.18)
not working/not earning cash0.87 (0.59–1.29)0.84 (0.58–1.22)3.66 (0.32–42.49)1.37 (0.56–3.34)0.68 (0.34–1.35)0.79 (0.54–1.16)
not working0.32 (0.09–1.20)0.58 (0.29–1.16)
professional/services1.001.00
sales0.54 (0.29–0.98)*0.91 (0.66–1.24)
agriculture/manual0.85 (0.48–1.49)0.79 (0.63–1.01)

[i] SS = small sample size; * p < 0.05.

Table 7b

Interaction effects of maternal occupation and geo-political region on child mortality in Nigeria.

VariablesNorth-CentralNorth-EastNorth-WestSouth-EastSouth-SouthSouth-West
HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)HR (95% CI)
not workingSS1.01 (0.47–2.14)1.56 (0.59–4.14)0.61 (0.25–1.51)1.98 (0.63–6.23)SS
professional/servicesSS1.001.001.001.001.00
SalesSS1.23 (0.59–2.55)3.31 (1.19–9.18)*1.20 (0.75–1.91)0.99 (0.27–3.58)2.15 (0.57–8.07)
agriculture/manualSS0.94 (0.40–2.20)2.68 (0.90–8.01)0.82 (0.48–1.42)1.29 (0.33–5.09)1.00 (0.19–5.28)
involved1.001.001.001.001.001.00
not involved0.69 (0.51–0.94)*1.28 (0.68–2.39)0.74 (0.26–2.09)0.91 (0.41–2.01)1.93 (0.80–4.63)0.89 (0.27–3.01)
not working/not earning cash0.25 (0.07–0.94)*0.69 (0.41–1.18)1.58 (0.92–2.71)1.13 (0.70–1.81)1.16 (0.56–2.44)0.32 (0.01–15.55)
not workingSS0.70 (0.13–3.64)0.81 (0.36–1.78)0.35 (0.10–1.21)0.91 (0.15–5.71)0.60 (0.13–2.87)
professional/services1.001.001.001.001.001.00
sales0.49 (0.07–3.63)1.31 (0.84–2.04)0.87 (0.61–1.23)0.55 (0.19–1.58)0.65 (0.15–2.72)0.04 (0.01–0.36)*
agriculture/manual0.92 (0.43–1.95)1.12 (0.73–1.73)0.78 (0.60–1.02)0.60 (0.34–1.07)0.87 (0.32–2.35)0.71 (0.28–1.89)

[i] SS = small sample size; *p < 0.05.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.29024/aogh.11 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Published on: Apr 30, 2018
Published by: Levy Library Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
Maternal employment,
occupation,
children,
mortality,
survival,
Sustainable Development Goals,
Nigeria

© 2018 Joshua O. Akinyemi, Bola L. Solanke, Clifford O. Odimegwu, published by Levy Library Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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