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Assessing the Readiness to Provide Integrated Management of Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes in Kenya: Results from a National Survey Cover

Assessing the Readiness to Provide Integrated Management of Cardiovascular Diseases and Type 2 Diabetes in Kenya: Results from a National Survey

Open Access
|Jun 2023

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

A map of Kenya showing the counties included in the health facility survey.

1 = Kisumu, 2 = Nairobi, 3 = Nyamira, 4 = Mombasa, 5 = Kiambu, 6 = Kirinyaga, 7 = Embu, 8 = Baringo, 9 = Kitui, 10 = Narok, 11 = Wajir. Blank map retrieved and adapted from: https://d-maps.com/ [Accessed: 16 May 2022].

Table 1

Tracer indicator items for service availability and readiness.

DOMAINSRESOURCES
Trained staff, and clinical guidelines,
  • Trained staff on cardiovascular disease diagnosis and treatment

  • Trained staff on diabetes diagnosis and treatment

  • Clinical guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases

  • Clinical guidelines for the management of diabetes

Basic diagnostic equipment
  • Blood pressure apparatus

  • Weighing machine

  • Stethoscope

  • Blood glucose test

  • Urine dipstick-protein

  • Urine dipstick-ketones

  • Blood analyzer for cholesterol screening (Level 3–6) facilities

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) (Level 3–6) facilities

  • X-ray machine (Level 3–6) facilities

Essential medicines
  • ACE inhibitor (enalapril)

  • Thiazide

  • Beta-blocker (atenolol)

  • Calcium channel blocker (amlodipine)

  • Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) capsules/tablets

  • Metformin capsules/tablets

  • Hydrochlorothiazide tablet or other thiazide diuretic tablet

  • Furosemide

  • Statins

  • Aspirin

  • Glibenclamide capsules/tablets

  • Insulin regular injectable

  • Gliclazide tablet or glipizide tablet

Diagnosis, treatment, follow-up & self-management support
  • Diagnosis & treatment of cardiovascular diseases

  • Diagnosis & treatment of diabetes

  • Referral services

  • Nutrition monitoring services

  • Counseling services on lifestyle risk factors

  • Hypertension and diabetes self-management counselling

  • Electronic medical records systems on patient information, symptoms, examination, diagnosis and prescription

Table 2

Health facilities profiles.

CHARACTERISTICSN = 258
Leveln (%)
        Level 2140 [54.3]
        Level 388 [34.1]
        Level 419 [7.4]
        Level 58 [3.1]
        Level 63 [1.2]
Type
        Private83 [32.2]
        Public175 [67.8]
Setting
        Urban138 [53.5]
        Rural120 [46.5]
Region
        Central39 [15.1]
        Coast and North-Eastern45 [17.4]
        Eastern45 [17.4]
        Nairobi36 [14.0]
        Rift Valley46 [17.8]
        Western and Nyanza47 [18.2]
Figure 2

Healthcare services availability for management of CVD and type 2 diabetes.

Figure 3

Care integration readiness for management CVD and type 2 diabetes.

Figure 4

Gardner-Altman comparisons plots of care integration readiness scores and facility characteristics.

Figure 5

Facility characteristics associated with CVDs and type 2 diabetes care integration readiness.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1213 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179
Language: English
Submitted on: Sep 24, 2022
Accepted on: May 26, 2023
Published on: Jun 15, 2023
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2023 Peter Otieno, Charles Agyemang, Welcome Wami, Calistus Wilunda, Richard E. Sanya, Gershim Asiki, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.