
Burden of Hypertensive Heart Disease and Its Risk Factors in East Asia, 1990–2021: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
By: Zhongqing Zhou, Zixiang Ji, Jiazhe Hou, Jing Yang, Hengjing Wu and Lijuan Zhang
References
- Zhou B, Perel P, Mensah GA, Ezzati M. Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18:785–802. DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00559-8
- Liu AB, Lin YX, Meng TT, Tian P, Chen JL, Zhang XH, et al. Global prevalence and disability-adjusted life years of hypertensive heart disease: A trend analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019. J Glob Health. 2024;14:04172. DOI: 10.7189/jogh.14.04172
- González A, Ravassa S, López B, Moreno MU, Beaumont J, San José G, et al. Myocardial remodeling in hypertension. Hypertension. 2018;72:549–558. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11125
- Drazner MH. The progression of hypertensive heart disease. Circulation. 2011;123:327–334. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.845792
- Diamond JA, Phillips RA. Hypertensive heart disease. Hypertens Res. 2005;28:191–202. DOI: 10.1291/hypres.28.191
- Lu Y, Lan T. Global, regional, and national burden of hypertensive heart disease during 1990–2019: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:841. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13271-0
- Dai H, Bragazzi NL, Younis A, Zhong W, Liu X, Wu J, et al. Worldwide trends in prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years for hypertensive heart disease from 1990 to 2017. Hypertension. 2021;77:1223–1233. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16483
- Qian J, Chen Y, Lu D, Ma J, Liu K. The prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and mortality of hypertensive heart disease and its attributable risk factors: Results from the global burden disease study 2019. Arch Med Sci. 2023;19:1186–1200. DOI: 10.5114/aoms/169477
- Goh RSJ, Chong B, Jayabaskaran J, Jauhari SM, Chan SP, Kueh MTW, et al. The burden of cardiovascular disease in Asia from 2025 to 2050: A forecast analysis for East Asia, South Asia, South-East Asia, Central Asia, and high-income Asia Pacific regions. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2024;49:101138. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101138
- Lu M, Li D, Hu Y, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang Z, et al. Persistence of severe global inequalities in the burden of hypertension heart disease from 1990 to 2019: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2019. BMC Public Health. 2024;24:110. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17573-9
- McClellan M, Brown N, Califf RM, Warner JJ. Call to action: Urgent challenges in cardiovascular disease: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139:E44–54. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000652
- Yeung WJJ, Lee Y. Aging in East Asia: New findings on retirement, health, and well-being. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2022;77:589–591. DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab055
- Lu W, Yuan J, Liu Z, Su ZH, Shen YC, Li S, et al. Worldwide trends in mortality for hypertensive heart disease from 1990 to 2019 with projection to 2034: data from the global burden of disease 2019 study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024;31:23–37. DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad262
- Lian LY, Lu JJ, Zheng RJ. Trends and projections of hypertensive heart disease burden in China: a comprehensive analysis from 1990 to 2030. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:534. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-025-21313-6
- Seo SR, Jang SY, Cho SI. Trends in incidence and case fatality rates of heart disease and its subtypes in Korea, 2006–2015. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:8451. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228451
- Wu X, Sha J, Yin Q, Gu Y, He X. Global burden of hypertensive heart disease and attributable risk factors, 1990–2021: Insights from the global burden of disease study 2021. Sci Rep. 2025;15:14594. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-99358-1
- Brauer M, Roth GA, Aravkin AY, et al. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet Lond Engl. 2024;403:2162–2203. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. How we collect data [Internet]. Seattle: University of Washington; n.d. [cited 2025 Jun 25]
https://www.healthdata.org/data-tools-practices/data-collection . - GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Lond Engl. 2024;403:2133–2161. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00757-8
- Clegg LX, Hankey BF, Tiwari R, Feuer EJ, Edwards BK. Estimating average annual per cent change in trend analysis. Stat Med. 2009;28:3670–82. DOI: 10.1002/sim.3733
- WHO. Environmental health: Estimations of attributable burden of disease due to a risk factor [Internet]. WHO; n.d. [updated 2024 Oct 4; cited 2025 Jan 24]
https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/environmental-health-estimations-of-attributable-burden-of-disease-due-to-a-risk-factor - Murray CJL, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi-Kangevari M, et al. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1223–1249. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2
- Li XY, Kong XM, Yang CH, Cheng ZF, Lv JJ, Guo H, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of ischemic stroke, 1990–2021: An analysis of data from the global burden of disease study 2021. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;75:102758. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102758
- Lavie CJ, Ozemek C, Carbone S, Katzmarzyk PT, Blair SN. Sedentary behavior, exercise, and cardiovascular health. Circ Res. 2019;124:799–815. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312669
- Wang L, Zhou B, Zhao Z, Yang L, Zhang M, Jiang Y, et al. Body-mass index and obesity in urban and rural China: Findings from consecutive nationally representative surveys during 2004–18. Lancet Lond Engl. 2021;398:53–63. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00798-4
- Wang Z, Du A, Liu H, Wang Z, Hu J. Systematic analysis of the global, regional and national burden of cardiovascular diseases from 1990 to 2017. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2022;12:92–103. DOI: 10.1007/s44197-021-00024-2
- Liu F, Pan HW, Li YY, Zhao XJ, Hong XQ, Liu ZY, et al. Trends analysis of the global burden of hypertensive heart disease from 1990 to 2021: A population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:2233. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-025-23389-6
- Baladrón C, Gómez de Diego JJ, Amat-Santos IJ. Big data and new information technology: What cardiologists need to know. Rev Espanola Cardiol Engl Ed. 2021;74:81–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2020.06.036
- McEvoy JW, Daya N, Rahman F, Hoogeveen RC, Blumenthal RS, Shah AM, et al. Association of isolated diastolic hypertension as defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA blood pressure guideline with incident cardiovascular outcomes. JAMA. 2020;323:329–38. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.21402
- Sun J, Qiao Y, Zhao M, Magnussen CG, Xi B. Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases in youths and young adults aged 15–39 years in 204 countries/territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis of global burden of disease study 2019. BMC Med. 2023;21:222. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02925-4
- Zhang C, Xie B, Wang X, Pan M, Wang J, Ding H, et al. Burden of heart failure in Asia, 1990–2019: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2019. Public Health. 2024;230:66–72. DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.02.015
- Ataklte F, Erqou S, Kaptoge S, Taye B, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Kengne AP. Burden of undiagnosed hypertension in sub-saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertens. 2015;65(2):291–298. DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04394
- He J, Ouyang N, Guo X, Sun G, Li Z, Mu J, et al. Effectiveness of a non-physician community health-care provider-led intensive blood pressure intervention versus usual care on cardiovascular disease (CRHCP): An open-label, blinded-endpoint, cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet. 2023;401:928–938. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02603-4
- Lin C, Loke WH, Ng BH, Chin YH, Chong B, Goh RSJ, et al. Mortality, cardiovascular, and medication outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction and underweight in a meta-analysis of 6.3 million patients. Am J Cardiol 2023;196:1–10. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.02.023
- Pradhan AD. Sex differences in the metabolic syndrome: Implications for cardiovascular health in women. Clin Chem. 2014;60:44–52. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.202549
- Chong B, Kong G, Shankar K, Chew HSJ, Lin C, Goh R, et al. The global syndemic of metabolic diseases in the young adult population: A consortium of trends and projections from the global burden of disease 2000–2019. Metabolism. 2023;141:155402. DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155402
- United Nations Population Division. World Population Ageing 2020 Highlights [Internet] UN; n.d. [cited 2024 Nov 20]
https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/news/world-population-ageing-2020-highlights . - Yano Y. Blood pressure in young adults and cardiovascular disease later in life. Am J Hypertens. 2021;34:250–257. DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpab005
- Teo BW, Chan GC, Leo CCH, Tay JC, Chia Y-C, Siddique S, et al. Hypertension and chronic kidney disease in Asian populations. J Clin Hypertens. 2021;23:475–480. DOI: 10.1111/jch.14188
- Fan JG, Kim SU, Wong VWS. New trends on obesity and NAFLD in Asia. J Hepatol. 2017;67:862–873. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.06.003
- Wang YJ, Yeh TL, Shih MC, Tu YK, Chien KL. Dietary sodium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12:2934. DOI: 10.3390/nu12102934
- WHO. Universal salt iodization and sodium intake reduction: compatible, cost-effective strategies of great public health benefit. [Internet]. WHO; n.d. [cited 2025 Jun 27]
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240053717 . - Matsuyama S, Sawada N, Tomata Y, Zhang S, Goto A, Yamaji T, et al. Association between adherence to the Japanese diet and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: The Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60:1327–1336. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02330-0
- Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, Riley LM, Paciorek CJ, Stevens GA, et al. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: A pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398:957–80. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1
- Cooper R, Cutler J, Desvigne-Nickens P, Fortmann SP, Friedman L, Havlik R, et al. Trends and disparities in coronary heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases in the United States: Findings of the national conference on cardiovascular disease prevention. Circulation. 2000;102:3137–3147. DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.102.25.3137
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1472 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179
Language: English
Submitted on: Mar 29, 2025
Accepted on: Sep 9, 2025
Published on: Sep 22, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
Keywords:
© 2025 Zhongqing Zhou, Zixiang Ji, Jiazhe Hou, Jing Yang, Hengjing Wu, Lijuan Zhang, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.