Table 1
Basic characteristics of AWI–Gen study participants from six sites stratified by sex.
| Characteristics | All sites (N = 9010) | Nanoro (n = 2074) | Navrongo (n = 1729) | Agincourt (n = 1248) | Dikgale (n = 1142) | Soweto (n = 904) | Nairobi (n = 1913) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (n (%)) | 4536 (50.3) | 1033 (49.8) | 935 (54.1) | 738 (59.1) | 788 (69.0) | – | 1042 (54.5) |
| Age (years) | 50.1 ± 5.77 | 49.79 ± 5.65 | 51.53 ± 5.74 | 50.29 ± 5.69 | 50.53 ± 5.95 | – | 48.28 ± 5.29 |
| Formal education | 2221 (51.5) | 70 (6.84) | 235 (22.2) | 253 (66.1) | 723 (90.9) | – | 940 (89.4) |
| Household SES | 9.61 ± 3.80 | 10.74 ± 3.39 | 9.01 ± 4.52 | 6.86 ± 2.89 | 10.07 ± 3.06 | – | 10.79 ± 3.01 |
| Current alcohol | 1383 (32.0) | 618 (59.9) | 581 (54.7) | 135 (18.3) | 100 (12.6) | – | 294 (28.2) |
| Current Smoking | 176 (3.89) | 2 (0.19) | 31 (3.32) | 9 (1.22) | 54 (6.86) | – | 80 (7.68) |
| Obesity | 1084 (23.9) | 12 (1.16) | 36 (3.85) | 302 (41.3) | 402 (51.0) | – | 332 (31.9) |
| Low MVPA | 545 (12.6) | 136 (13.2) | 199 (18.7) | 85 (22.2) | 27(3.44) | – | 95 (9.12) |
| Height (m) | 1.59 ± 0.07 | 1.62 ± 0.06 | 1.58 ± 0.07 | 1.61 ± 0.07 | 1.59 ± 0.07 | – | 1.59 ± 0.06 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.25 ± 17.81 | 53.20 ± 9.42 | 55.58 ± 10.71 | 75.67 ± 18.81 | 77.76 ± 20.76 | – | 68.48 ± 15.45 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 121.7 ± 22.7 | 111.2 ± 17.5 | 123.3 ± 23.0 | 134.5 ± 23.4 | 126.7 ± 21.1 | – | 117.8 ± 21.8 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 77.5 ± 12.9 | 71.1 ± 9.81 | 77.1 ± 12.6 | 80.6 ± 13.2 | 82.5 ± 12.9 | – | 78.3 ± 13.2 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.09 ± 1.75 | 5.00 ± 0.91 | 4.59 ± 0.70 | 4.94 ± 1.39 | 5.28 ± 2.46 | – | 5.59 ± 2.36 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.27 ± 0.98 | 1.93 ± 0.81 | 1.71 ± 0.72 | 2.34 ± 0.94 | 2.64 ± 1.02 | – | 2.86 ± 0.91 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.15 ± 0.38 | 1.05 ± 0.35 | 1.12 ± 0.34 | 1.19 ± 0.35 | 1.18 ± 0.35 | – | 1.26 ± 0.44 |
| HIV+ | 612 (13.5) | 4 (0.39) | 6 (0.64) | 260 (35.2) | 171 (21.7) | – | 171 (16.4) |
| Post-menopausal | 1481 (40.1) | 352 (34.8) | 262 (39.4) | 83 (31.8) | 376 (52.7) | – | 409 (39.1) |
| Average common CIMT (µm) | 636.3 ± 113.9 | 648.3 ± 112.1 | 692.2 ± 119.3 | 609.8 ± 88.9 | 635.7 ± 111.8 | – | 593.6 ± 104.9 |
| Men (n (%)) | 4474 (49.7) | 1041 (50.2) | 794 (45.9) | 510 (40.9) | 354 (31.0) | 904 (100) | 871 (45.5) |
| Age (years) | 49.8 ± 5.89 | 49.80 ± 6.00 | 50.51 ± 5.71 | 50.25 ± 5.96 | 50.04 ± 6.01 | 49.35 ± 5.99 | 48.78 ± 5.60 |
| Formal education | 2959 (67.3) | 280 (27.3) | 342 (37.9) | 252 (77.8) | 332 (94.1) | 919 (99.1) | 834 (96.1) |
| Household SES | 10.62 ± 4.31 | 11.85 ± 4.18 | 10.12 ± 4.87 | 6.52 ± 2.62 | 9.52 ± 3.38 | 12.11 ± 3.12 | 11.59 ± 3.51 |
| Current alcohol | 2696 (61.3) | 691 (67.3) | 702 (77.8) | 135 (41.7) | 216 (61.2) | 660 (71.2) | 292 (33.6) |
| Current Smoking | 1521 (34.6) | 142 (13.8) | 384 (42.5) | 81 (25.1) | 222 (63.1) | 490 (53.0) | 202 (23.3) |
| Obesity | 299 (6.69) | 23 (2.21) | 9 (1.13) | 64 (12.6) | 10 (2.82) | 150 (16.6) | 43 (4.94) |
| Low MVPA | 716 (16.3) | 255 (24.8) | 90 (10.0) | 69 (21.3) | 13 (3.7) | 254 (27.4) | 34 (4.0) |
| Height (m) | 1.71 ± 0.07 | 1.73 ± 0.07 | 1.67 ± 0.08 | 1.72 ± 0.07 | 1.69 ± 0.06 | 1.71 ± 0.06 | 1.69 ± 0.07 |
| Weight (kg) | 65.91 ± 14.31 | 65.22 ± 11.98 | 58.70 ± 9.69 | 72.59 ± 17.00 | 62.18 ± 12.62 | 73.09 ± 17.48 | 65.58 ± 11.89 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 125.4 ± 20.5 | 120.1 ± 17.8 | 124.4 ± 20.0 | 132.2 ± 21.5 | 124.6 ± 20.4 | 131.1 ± 21.1 | 122.4 ± 20.2 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.9 ± 13.3 | 76.0 ± 10.8 | 76.6 ± 12.9 | 79.9 ± 12.9 | 78.4 ± 12.0 | 89.3 ± 13.2 | 78.1 ± 2.4 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.05 ± 1.51 | 5.11 ± 1.51 | 4.49 ± 0.77 | 5.06 ± 1.93 | 4.97 ± 1.71 | 5.29 ± 1.56 | 5.24 ± 1.46 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 2.36 ± 0.99 | 2.49 ± 1.01 | 1.70 ± 0.76 | 2.29 ± 0.94 | 2.35 ± 1.01 | 2.37 ± 0.92 | 2.87 ± 0.95 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.22 ± 0.44 | 1.19 ± 0.38 | 1.18 ± 0.42 | 1.21 ± 0.44 | 1.24 ± 0.47 | 1.21 ± 0.46 | 1.28 ± 0.50 |
| HIV+ | 496 (11.1) | 5 (0.48) | 7 (0.88) | 168 (32.9) | 72 (20.3) | 179 (19.8) | 65 (7.46) |
| Average common CIMT (µm) | 637.9 ± 120 | 679.9 ± 121 | 688.1 ± 120 | 608.2 ± 97 | 635.7 ± 119 | 616.9 ± 112 | 581.9 ± 101 |
[i] Obesity defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and data presented as absolute count and percentages = n (%) or as mean ± SD (standard deviation); SES, socio-economic status; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and low is defined as MVPA < 150 mins/week; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.
Table 2
Mean distribution of the various adiposity measures among men and women by study site.
| Adiposity phenotype | All sites (N = 9010) | Nanoro (n = 2074) | Navrongo (n = 1729) | Agincourt (n = 1248) | Dikgale (n = 1142) | Soweto (n = 904) | Nairobi (n = 1913) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.6 ± 6.99 | 20.2 ± 3.13 | 22.1 ± 3.79 | 29.2 ± 6.75 | 30.8 ± 7.98 | – | 27.6 ± 6.08 |
| WC (cm) | 85.5 ± 15.2 | 75.8 ± 8.06 | 76.3 ± 9.25 | 94.6 ± 14.9 | 94.1 ± 16.6 | – | 90.6 ± 14.3 |
| HC (cm) | 98.2 ± 14.4 | 88.6 ± 7.57 | 89.1 ± 9.43 | 105 ± 12.9 | 109 ± 15.5 | – | 102 ± 12.1 |
| VAT (cm) | 4.94 ± 2.00 | 4.38 ± 1.16 | 3.51 ± 1.08 | 5.74 ± 2.19 | 6.83 ± 2.25 | – | 4.77 ± 1.61 |
| SCAT (cm) | 1.72 ± 1.14 | 0.99 ± 0.52 | 1.13 ± 0.54 | 2.58 ± 1.74 | 2.29 ± 1.04 | – | 1.94 ± 0.71 |
| Men | |||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 4.56 | 21.6 ± 3.58 | 20.9 ± 3.25 | 24.1 ± 5.33 | 21.7 ± 3.95 | 24.9 ± 5.65 | 22.8 ± 3.89 |
| WC (cm) | 82.4 ± 12.5 | 81.4 ± 9.83 | 73.2 ± 7.19 | 87.5 ± 13.5 | 80.3 ± 11.3 | 88.9 ± 14.8 | 83.4 ± 10.7 |
| HC (cm) | 91.9 ± 10.6 | 90.9 ± 9.04 | 84.1 ± 7.94 | 95.9 ± 10.2 | 89.5 ± 8.98 | 97.9 ± 11.1 | 93.2 ± 9.65 |
| VAT (cm) | 5.33 ± 1.94 | 4.43 ± 1.32 | 4.21 ± 1.19 | 6.47 ± 2.08 | 6.15 ± 1.87 | 6.58 ± 2.07 | 5.21 ± 1.71 |
| SCAT (cm) | 1.16 ± 0.89 | 0.95 ± 0.49 | 0.77 ± 0.37 | 1.71 ± 1.79 | 0.94 ± 0.49 | 1.55 ± 0.92 | 1.14 ± 0.54 |
[i] Data expressed as mean ± SD; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; VAT, visceral adipose tissue and SCAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Figure 1
Forest plot displaying an inverse-variance weighted fixed-effect individual participant data meta-analysis of the effect of BMI (kg/m2) on common carotid intima-media thickness (µm); the effect size (beta, β) and 95% CIs are presented by the symbol and the bars respectively; the big diamond represents the overall effect of BMI in the poled data and the grey squares represent the % weight of each study site.
Figure 2
Forest plot displaying an inverse-variance weighted fixed-effect individual participant data meta-analysis of the effect waist circumference (cm) on common carotid intima-media thickness in µm; the effect size (beta, β) and 95% CIs are presented by the symbol and the bars respectively; the big diamond represents the overall effect of waist circumference in the poled data and the grey squares represent the % weight of each study site.
Figure 3
Forest plot displaying an inverse-variance weighted fixed-effect individual participant data meta-analysis of the effect hip circumference (cm) on common carotid intima-media thickness in µm; the effect size (beta, β) and 95% CIs are presented by the symbol and the bars respectively; the big diamond represents the overall effect of hip circumference in the poled data and the grey squares represent the % weight of each study site.
Figure 4
Forest plot displaying an inverse-variance weighted fixed-effect individual participant data meta-analysis of the effect visceral adipose tissue (cm) on common carotid intima-media thickness in µm; the effect size (beta, β) and 95% CIs are presented by the symbol and the bars respectively; the big diamond represents the overall effect of visceral adipose tissue in the pooled data and the grey squares represent the % weight of each study site.
Figure 5
Forest plot displaying an inverse-variance weighted fixed-effect individual participant data meta-analysis of the effect subcutaneous adipose tissue (cm) on common carotid intima-media thickness in µm; the effect size (beta, β) and 95% CIs are presented by the symbol and the bars respectively; the big diamond represents the overall effect of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the pooled data and the grey squares represent the % weight of each study site.