Table 1
Study Sample Characteristics, by Health Literacy Level.
| Total | Med-high HL | Low HL | P value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 598 | N = 281 (%) | N = 317 (%) | ||
| Native Language | ||||
| Hebrew | 190 (31.8) | 132 (47) | 58 (18.3) | <0.001 |
| Russian | 197 (32.9) | 53 (18.9) | 144 (45.4) | |
| Arabic | 211 (35.3) | 96 (34.2) | 115 (36.3) | |
| Sex (% female) | 313 (53.1) | 130 (46.9) | 183 (58.7) | 0.004 |
| Age | ||||
| 18–34 | 61 (10.2) | 37 (13.2) | 24 (7.6) | <0.001 |
| 35–54 | 135 (22.6) | 82 (29.2) | 53 (16.7) | |
| 55–64 | 120 (20.1) | 70 (24.9) | 50 (15.8) | |
| 65–74 | 127 (21.2) | 52 (18.5) | 75 (23.7) | |
| 75+ | 155 (25.9) | 40 (14.2) | 115 (36.2) | |
| Education | ||||
| Elementary school or less | 124 (20.8) | 14 (5.0) | 110 (34.7) | <0.001 |
| High-school | 238 (39.9) | 138 (49.5) | 100 (31.5) | |
| Non-academic education | 54 (9.1) | 28 (10.0) | 26 (8.2) | |
| Academic | 180 (30.2) | 99 (35.5) | 81 (25.6) | |
| Economic status | ||||
| Poor-very poor | 80 (13.4) | 35 (12.5) | 45 (14.2) | 0.004 |
| Fair | 369 (61.8) | 158 (56.4) | 211 (66.6) | |
| Good/very good | 148 (24.8) | 87 (31.1) | 61 (19.2) | |
| Caregiver Health Literacy (% low) | 206 (44.4) | 63 (32.8) | 143 (52.9) | <0.001 |
| At-discharge provisions | ||||
| None | 142 (23.7) | 82 (29.2) | 60 (18.9) | <0.001 |
| Language-concordance only | 105 (17.6) | 63 (22.4) | 42 (13.2) | |
| Caregiver present only | 143 (23.9) | 50 (17.8) | 93 (29.3) | |
| Both Language-concordance and caregiver present | 208 (34.8) | 86 (30.6) | 122 (38.5) | |
| Chronic conditions (% yes) | ||||
| Hypertension | 393 (65.7) | 168 (59.8) | 225 (71.0) | 0.004 |
| Diabetes | 224 (37.5) | 91 (32.4) | 133 (42.0) | 0.016 |
| IHD | 240 (40.1) | 97 (34.5) | 143 (45.1) | 0.008 |
| Malignancy | 158 (26.4) | 65 (23.1) | 93 (29.3) | 0.086 |
| Arrhythmia | 183 (30.6) | 70 (24.9) | 113 (35.6) | 0.004 |
| CVA | 95 (15.9) | 35 (12.5) | 60 (18.9) | 0.031 |
| CRF | 145 (24.2) | 60 (21.4) | 85 (26.8) | 0.120 |
| COPD | 88 (14.7) | 36 (12.8) | 52 (16.4) | 0.216 |
| CHF | 134 (22.4) | 47 (16.7) | 87 (27.4) | 0.002 |
| Number of chronic conditions, mean (SD) | 3.43 (2.4) | 2.97 (2.3) | 3.8 (2.4) | <0.001 |
| PCS, mean (SD) | 34.48 (11.0) | 36.84 (11.2) | 32.39 (10.3) | <0.001 |
| MCS, mean (SD) | 38.13 (12.9) | 40.93 (12.1) | 35.65 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| ADL, mean (SD) | 1.5 (2.7) | 0.72 (1.7) | 2.18 (3.2) | <0.001 |
[i] Note: Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; PCS, physical component score; MCS, mental component score (SF-12 v.2); ADL, activities of daily living (Katz scale). *p-values derived from t-test for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables.
Table 2
Moderated Hierarchal Regression Analyses Predicting the Care Transition Measure Scores.
| Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | |||||||
| Native Language | |||||||||||||||
| Hebrew (REF) | |||||||||||||||
| Russian | –7.20 | 1.78 | –0.20 | ** | 8.19 | 2.04 | 0.22 | ** | 5.76 | 2.13 | 0.16 | ** | |||
| Arabic | –3.43 | 1.96 | –0.15 | * | 10.47 | 2.08 | 0.29 | ** | 7.10 | 2.23 | 0.22 | ** | |||
| Age | |||||||||||||||
| 18–34 (REF) | |||||||||||||||
| 35–54 | 7.26 | 2.60 | 0.18 | ** | 5.25 | 2.20 | 0.13 | * | 5.7 | 2.14 | 0.14 | ** | |||
| 55–64 | 8.03 | 2.68 | 0.19 | ** | 3.64 | 2.29 | 0.10 | 4.36 | 2.23 | 0.10 | ** | ||||
| 65–74 | 5.81 | 2.70 | 0.14 | * | 2.08 | 2.30 | 0.05 | 3.46 | 2.25 | 0.08 | |||||
| 75+ | 5.53 | 2.81 | 0.14 | * | 2.75 | 2.39 | 0.07 | 3.37 | 2.32 | 0.09 | |||||
| Education | |||||||||||||||
| Elementary school or less (REF) | |||||||||||||||
| High-school | 3.30 | 2.10 | 0.09 | –0.08 | 1.90 | –0.002 | –0.57 | 1.9 | –0.02 | ||||||
| Non-academic education | 6.14 | 3.16 | 0.10 | * | –0.17 | 2.80 | –0.003 | 0.30 | 2.71 | 0.005 | |||||
| Academic | 6.63 | 2.34 | 0.18 | ** | 1.82 | 2.13 | 0.048 | 1.70 | 2.07 | 0.05 | |||||
| MCS | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.50 | 0.09 | * | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.08 | * | ||||
| ADL | –0.81 | 0.30 | –0.13 | ** | –0.66 | 0.25 | –0.1 | ** | –0.63 | 0.24 | –0.10 | * | |||
| Health literacy | |||||||||||||||
| Low (REF) | |||||||||||||||
| Med-high | 11.88 | 1.48 | 0.34 | ** | 21.48 | 2.50 | 0.62 | ** | |||||||
| At-discharge provisions | |||||||||||||||
| None (REF) | |||||||||||||||
| Language-concordance only | 17.15 | 2.16 | 0.38 | ** | 17.64 | 2.86 | 0.39 | ** | |||||||
| Caregiver present only | 17.63 | 1.72 | 0.44 | ** | 24.48 | 2.28 | 0.60 | ** | |||||||
| Both language-concordance and caregiver present | 28.26 | 2.00 | 0.78 | ** | 35.38 | 2.30 | 0.98 | ** | |||||||
| Interaction terms of HL by provisions of care (vs. None) | |||||||||||||||
| Language-concordance only × HL level | –3.86 | 3.77 | –0.7 | ||||||||||||
| Caregiver present at discharge only × HL level | –13.92 | 3.38 | –0.22 | ** | |||||||||||
| Both language-concordance and caregiver present × HL level | –17.55 | 3.26 | –0.36 | ** | |||||||||||
| R2 change | 0.088 | ** | 0.265 | ** | 0.041 | *** | |||||||||
| Model R2 | 0.088 | 0.352 | 0.393 | ||||||||||||
[i] Note: Abbreviations: CTM, Care Transition Measure; SD, standard deviation; PCS, physical component score (SF-12v2); MCS, mental component score (SF-12 v.2); ADL, activities of daily living (Katz scale). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.
Figure 1
Plot of simple slopes for the relation between Care Transition Measure (CTM) scores and the HL levels according to provisions-of-care-at-discharge categories. Controlling for covariates: native language, education levels, age categories, MCS and ADL.