
The Impact of Health and Social Care Integration on Children and Young People’s Outcomes: What Can Be Determined from Scotland’s Administrative Data?
References
- Alonso J, Andrews R. Does vertical integration of health and social care organizations work? Evidence from Scotland, Social Science & Medicine. 2022;307. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115188
- Horwath J, Morrison T. Collaboration, integration and change in children’s services: Critical issues and key ingredients. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2007;31:55–69. DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.01.007
- Brown K, White K. Exploring the Evidence Base for Integrated Children’s Services. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Education Department; 2006 [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/research-and-analysis/2006/02/exploring-evidence-base-integrated-childrens-services/documents/0021746-pdf/0021746-pdf/govscot%3Adocument/0021746.pdf . - Hendry A, Thompson M, Knight P, McCallum E, Taylor A, Rainey H, Strong A. Health and Social Care Reform in Scotland – What Next? International Journal of Integrated Care. 2021;21(4):7, 1–14. DOI: 10.5334/ijic.5633
- O’Brien M, Bachmann MO, Jones NR, Reading R, Thoburn J, Husbands C, Shreeve A, Watson J. Do Integrated Children’s Services Improve Children’s Outcomes?: Evidence From England’s Children’s Trust Pathfinders. Children & Society. 2009;23(5):320–335. DOI: 10.1111/j.1099-0860.2009.00229.x
- Cook A.
Outcomes Based Approaches in Public Service Reform . What Works Scotland; 2017. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:https://whatworksscotland.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/OutcomeBasedApproachesinPublicServiceReform.pdf . - Kaehne A, Birrell D, Miller R, Petch A. Bringing integration home: Policy on health and social care integration in the four nations of the UK. Journal of Integrated Care. 2017;25(2):84–98. DOI: 10.1108/JICA-12-2016-0049
- Talbot C.
Children’s services: The impact of service integration in England . Book chapter: Crossing Boundaries in Public Management and Policy; 2013. [Cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/5410/1/27.pdf . - Yliruka L, Eriksson P, Jokinen L, Pasanen K.
Kohti monitoimijaista lastensuojelua hyvinvointialueilla [Towards a multi-actor approach in child welfare in the wellbeing service counties] . Finnish institute for health and welfare (THL); 2022. [in Finnish] - Jones R. The Northern Ireland Review of Children’s Social Care Services Report; 2023. [Cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
https://www.cscsreviewni.net/ . - Martinussen M, Kaiser S, Adolfsen F, Patras J, Richardsen AM. Reorganisation of healthcare services for children and families: Improving collaboration, service quality, and worker well-being. Journal of Interprofessional Care. 2017;31(4):487–496. DOI: 10.1080/13561820.2017.1316249
- Burns K, McGregor C.
Child Protection and Welfare Systems in Ireland: Continuities and Discontinuities of the Present . In: Merkel-Holguin L, Fluke J, Krugman R editors. National Systems of Child Protection. Child Maltreatment, vol 8. Springer; 2019. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93348-1_7 - Kaehne A. Big Data and what it means for evaluating integrated care programmes. Journal of Integrated Care. 2019;27(3):249–258. DOI: 10.1108/JICA-05-2019-0017
- McCauley H.
International models of care . In Independent Care Review (2020). Evidence Framework; 2019. [Cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:https://www.carereview.scot/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/ICR_Evidence_Framework_v2-1.pdf . - Scobie G, Pulford A, Rendall G, Greci S, Riches E, Buckton C, Donaghy G. Rapid review of learning and evidence on national systems of social care in Nordic and Scandinavian countries; 2022. [Cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
https://www.gov.scot/binaries/content/documents/govscot/publications/research-and-analysis/2022/06/national-care-service-rapid-review-learning-evidence-national-systems-social-care-nordic-scandinavian-countries/documents/rapid-review-learning-evidence-national-systems-social-care-nordic-scandinavian-countries/rapid-review-learning-evidence-national-systems-social-care-nordic-scandinavian-countries/govscot%3Adocument/rapid-review-learning-evidence-national-systems-social-care-nordic-scandinavian-countries.pdf . - Health and Social Care Scotland. About Health and Social Care Integration in Scotland. [webpage on the internet]. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
https://hscscotland.scot/integration/ . - Accounts Commission and Auditor General.
Health and social care integration: Update on progress . Audit Scotland; 2018. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:https://audit.scot/publications/health-and-social-care-integration-update-on-progress . - Brock J, Everingham S.
Integrated Children’s Services in Scotland: Practice and Leadership . Social Work Scotland, Healthcare Improvement Scotland and Care Inspectorate. 2018. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:https://childreninscotland.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Integrated-Children’s-Services-in-Scotland-Practice-and-Leadership.pdf . - Scottish Government.
A Guide to Getting It Right for Every Child . Scottish Government; 2012. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:https://ihub.scot/media/1512/a-guide-to-getting-it-right-for-every-child.pdf . - Christie C.
Christie Commission on the future delivery of public services . Scottish Government; 2011. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:https://www.gov.scot/publications/commission-future-delivery-public-services/ . - Feeley D. Independent Review of Adult Social Care report. 2021. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
https://www.gov.scot/groups/independent-review-of-adult-social-care/ . - Scottish Government.
A National Care Service for Scotland – Consultation . Scottish Government; 2021. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-care-service-scotland-consultation/ . - Scottish Government.
National Care Service: Statement of Benefits . Scottish Government; 2022. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:https://www.gov.scot/publications/national-care-service-statement-benefits/#:%7E:text=Sets%20out%20the%20benefits%20of,around%20its%20design%20and%20delivery . - Ottaway H, McTier A, Manole M, Anderson M, Porter R, Scott J, Young E, Fowler N, Soraghan J, McIver L, Anderson CA, Mackinnon K. Children’s Services Reform Research: Learning and Implications for Scotland: Concluding Report; 2023 [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available at:
https://www.celcis.org/application/files/6117/0245/9620/CSRR_Concluding_Report_-_CELCIS_-_13_December_2023.pdf . - Porter R, Young E, Scott J, McIver L, Mackinnon K, Fowler N, Ottaway H. Children’s Services Reform Research: Rapid Evidence Review CELCIS; 2023 [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available at:
https://www.celcis.org/knowledge-bank/search-bank/children-services-reform-research-study-rapid-evidence-review . - McTier A, Mackinnon K, Ottaway H.
Children’s Services Reform Research: Case Studies of Transformational Change ; 2023a. CELCIS. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available at:https://www.celcis.org/knowledge-bank/search-bank/children-services-reform-research-study-case-studies-transformational-reform-programmes . - McTier A, Manole M, Scott J, Young E, Fowler N, McIver L, Anderson C, Porter R, Ottaway H.
Children’s Services Reform Research: Scotland’s children’s services landscape: The views and experiences of the children’s services workforce . CELCIS; 2023b. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available at:https://www.celcis.org/knowledge-bank/search-bank/childrens-services-reform-research-scotlands-childrens-services-landscape-views-and-experiences-childrens-services-workforce . - Audit Commission. Are we there yet? Improving governance and resource management in children’s trusts; 2008. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
https://lx.iriss.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/AreWeThereYet29Oct08REP.pdf . - National Centre for Family Hubs. Theory of Change; 2024. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
www.nationalcentreforfamilyhubs.org.uk/toolkits/theory-of-change/#5 . - Scottish Government.
National Health and Wellbeing Outcomes: A framework for improving the planning and delivery of integrated health and social care services . Scottish Government; 2015. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:https://hub.careinspectorate.com/media/1282/national-health-and-wellbeing-outcomes-a-framework-for-improving.pdf . - Health and Social Care Scotland. HSCPs. [webpage on the internet]. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
https://hscscotland.scot/hscps/ . - Brown VA. An Introduction to Linear Mixed-Effects Modeling in R. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science. 2021;4(1). DOI: 10.1177/2515245920960351
- Bywaters P, Featherstone B.
The Child Welfare Inequalities Project: Final Report . Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield; 2020. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:https://pure.hud.ac.uk/ws/files/21398145/CWIP_Final_Report.pdf . - Department of Health & Social Care. Integrated care systems boundaries review: decision summary; 2021. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/integrated-care-systems-boundaries-review-decision-summary/integrated-care-systems-boundaries-review-decision-summary . - Graham L. The Grass Ceiling: Hidden Educational Barriers in Rural England. Education Sciences. 2024;14(2):165. DOI: 10.3390/educsci14020165
- McCrorie P, Mitchell R, Macdonald L. et al. The relationship between living in urban and rural areas of Scotland and children’s physical activity and sedentary levels: a country-wide cross-sectional analysis. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:304. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8311-y
- McTier A, Soraghan J. The Utility of Administrative Data in Understanding the COVID-19 Pandemic’s Impact on Child Maltreatment: Learning From the Scotland Experience. Child maltreatment. 2024;29(1):14–23. DOI: 10.1177/10775595221108661
- Scottish Government. Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation [Dataset] 2020. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
https://www.gov.scot/collections/scottish-index-of-multiple-deprivation-2020/ . - National Records of Scotland. Population Estimates Time Series Data. [Dataset] 2022. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/publications/population-estimates-time-series-data/ . - Office for National Statistics. Estimates of the Population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. [Dataset] 2022. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland . - Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, 1995;57:289–300. DOI: 10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x
- Anderson M, Soraghan J, Bowman A, Anderson C, Young E, McTier A, Ottaway H.
Children’s Services Reform Research: Mapping integration and outcomes across Scotland: A statistical analysis . CELCIS; 2023. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available at:https://www.celcis.org/knowledge-bank/search-bank/childrens-services-reform-research-study-mapping-integration-and-outcomes-across-scotland-a-statistical-analysis . - Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software. 2015;67(1):1–48. DOI: 10.18637/jss.v067.i01
- Halekoh U, Højsgaard S. A Kenward-Roger Approximation and Parametric Bootstrap Methods for Tests in Linear Mixed Models – The R Package pbkrtest. Journal of Statistical Software. 2014;59(9):1–30. DOI: 10.18637/jss.v059.i09
- Lenth R. _emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.8.4-1. [Software] 2023. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans . - Soraghan J.
CSRR Strand 3 Example Code and Data . [Dataset] University of Strathclyde; 2024. DOI: 10.15129/2677d45d-77a4-4028-a6b6-39137611bdf3 - Finch D, Wilson H, Bibby J.
Leave no one behind: The state of health and health inequalities in Scotland . The Health Foundation; 2023. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:https://www.health.org.uk/publications/leave-no-one-behind . - Mowat JG. Exploring the impact of social inequality and poverty on the mental health and wellbeing and attainment of children and young people in Scotland. Improving Schools. 2019;22(3):204–223. DOI: 10.1177/1365480219835323
- Treanor M.
Impacts of poverty on children and young people . Scottish Child Care and Protection Network (SCCPN); 2012. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/17773229/impacts_of_poverty_on_children_and_young_people.pdf . - Soraghan J, Raab G, Troncoso P, Treanor M, Porter R.
The Impact of Covid-19 on Children’s Care Journeys in Scotland: An Analysis of the Administrative Data on ‘Looked After’ Children . SCADR; 2023. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available at:https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/40479 . - Department for Education. Children’s Social Care Dashboard and indicators update; 2023. [cited 02 Feb 2025]. Available from:
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/657c3774095987000d95e1b4/CSC_Dashboard_and_Indicators_Update.pdf . - Leutz WN. Five Laws for Integrating Medical and Social Services: Lessons from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Milbank Quarterly. 1999;77(1):77–110. DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.00125
- Morgan S, Pullon S, Garrett S, McKinlay E. Interagency collaborative care for young people with complex needs: Front-line staff perspectives. Health and Social Care in the Community. 2019;27(4):1019–1030. DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12719
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.9145 | Journal eISSN: 1568-4156
Language: English
Submitted on: Feb 17, 2025
Accepted on: Aug 26, 2025
Published on: Nov 26, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
© 2025 Joanna Soraghan, Alexander McTier, Micky Anderson, Carol Ann Anderson, Emma Young, Adrian Bowman, Heather Ottaway, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.