Figure 1
Experimental paradigms. A. Trial sequence of the paradigm used across Experiments 1–3. B. Trial sequence of the paradigm used in Experiment 4.
Figure 2
Experimental conditions from Experiment 1. A. To illustrate the overlapping response set condition, we display a trial from a block in which the index fingers are used for the finger-tapping task. In this trial, an index finger response is also required by the novel S-R mappings, and hence, the response sets overlap between the two tasks. The bottom row shows the responses required by each trial event (finger-tapping task, reset taps, and probe response). B. To illustrate the non-overlapping response set condition, we display a trial from a block in which the middle fingers are used for the finger-tapping task. In this trial, an index finger response is required by the novel S-R mappings, and hence, the response sets do not overlap between the two tasks. C. In control blocks, no finger-tapping is required during mapping encoding. However, as it is depicted in the bottom row, participants also performed the reset taps and responded to probes.
Figure 3
Results from Experiment 1. Mean error rate (left) and RT (right) across our three experimental conditions. Asterisks indicate significant differences in the corresponding paired-sample t-test (p < .05). Error bars display 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 4
Results from Experiment 2. A. Mean error rate (left) and RT (right) for non-overlapping and overlapping trials in the early and late deadline conditions. B. Averaged RTs from the first two blocks and including the response deadline condition as a between-subject factor. Asterisks indicate significant differences in the corresponding paired-sample t-test (p < .05). Error bars display 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 5
Results from Experiment 3. Mean error rate (left) and RT (right) for non-overlapping and overlapping trials in the novel and the practiced mapping conditions. Asterisks indicate significant differences in the corresponding paired-sample t-test (p < .05). Error bars display 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 6
Results from Experiment 4: Mean error rate (left panel) and RT (right panel) in the two response overlap conditions. Error bars display 95% confidence intervals.