Staggered Onsets of Processing Relevant and Irrelevant Stimulus Features Produce Different Dynamics of Congruency Effects

Herbert Heuer; Christian Seegelke; Peter Wühr

doi:10.5334/joc.252

Staggered Onsets of Processing Relevant and Irrelevant Stimulus Features Produce Different Dynamics of Congruency Effects

Journal of Cognition

Volume 6 (2023): Issue 1

By: Herbert Heuer , Christian Seegelke and Peter Wühr

Open Access

|Jan 2023

Figures & Tables

External inputs to response codes, response-code activations, and differences between response-code activations for Model A (upper row of graphs) and Model B (lower row of graphs). Continuous lines are for correct responses, dashed lines for error responses. The first vertical dotted line marks the end of the lead of the irrelevant input, the second vertical dotted line marks the end of the decision (reaching the threshold). Parameters were λ = .2, β = .2, σ_n = 0, I_rel = .7, ΔI_irr = –.2, δ = .1, d = –.1, θ = 1. The figures show an incongruent trial only.

Table 1

Parameters used to generate the delta plots of Figure 2.

	MODEL A			MODEL B
PARAMETER	DECREASING	INCREASING	DELAYED	DECREASING	INCREASING	DELAYED
λ	.25	.25	.25	.25	.25	.25
β	.20	.20	.20	.20	.20	.20
σ_n	.20	.20	.20	.20	.20	.20
I_rel	.70	.70	.70	1.20	.70	.70
ΔI_irr	±.15	±.15	±.15	±.15	±.15	±.15
δ	.10	.10	.10	.05	.10	.10
μ_D	-.10	0	.20	-.30	0	.20
w_D	.20	.10	.10	.20	.10	.10
θ	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.30	1.00	1.00
μ_R	.10	.15	.15	.02	.15	.15
w_R	0	0	0	0	0	0

Table 2

Parameter estimates for Model B (in brackets for model A). Congruent and incongruent conditions differed only in the algebraic sign of ΔI_irr, positive values for congruent and negative values for incongruent conditions, respectively. For the data of Richter and Wühr (2022) the absolute value of ΔI_irr could also vary across the three pairs of conditions with different size differences (sizes are italicized). Time parameters (δ, μ_D, w_D, μ_R, and w_R) are in seconds.

PARAMETER	WÜHR & SEEGELKE	RICHTER & WÜHR
λ (self-inhibition gain)	0.270 (0.269)	0.269 (0.269)
β (lateral-inhibition gain)	0.349 (0.345)	0.306 (0.305)
σ_n (standard deviation of noise)	0.282 (0.282)	0.272 (0.265)
I_rel (relevant input)	0.708 (0.707)	0.719 (0.719)
ΔI_irr (irrelevant input) for sizes 20–40:	± 0.064 (0.062)
10–60:		± 0.127 (0.126)
20–50:		± 0.141 (0.141)
30–40:		± 0.042 (0.042)
δ (time constant for irrelevant input)	0.071 (0.069)	0.031 (0.031)
μ_D (mean temporal offset)	0.180 (0.172)	0.208 (0.208)
w_D (width of temporal-offset distribution)	0.053 (0.052)	0.093 (0.093)
θ (response threshold)	1.068 (1.070)	1.018 (1.018)
μ_R (mean residual time)	0.180 (0.180)	0.176 (0.176)
w_R (width of residual-time distribution)	0.059 (0.060)	0.063 (0.063)
costs	4.7 (4.7)	6.0 (6.0)

Table 3

Observed and predicted mean error percentages (EP) as well as means of the individual means (M_RT) and standard deviations (SD_RT) of reaction times of correct trials (in milliseconds). For the observed means the standard errors are added. Predicted values of Model A are in brackets.

		OBSERVED		PREDICTED
STIMULUS SIZES (MM)		CONGRUENT	INCONGRUENT	CONGRUENT	INCONGRUENT
20–40	EP (%)	2.3 ± 0.45	3.0 ± 0.55	2.1 (2.2)	3.0 (3.1)
	M_RT (ms)	394 ± 11.8	403 ± 12.1	392 (393)	400 (400)
	SD_RT (ms)	98 ± 9.7	107 ± 8.6	90 (91)	100 (100)
10–60	EP (%)	2.0 ± 0.39	3.0 ± 0.38	2.0 (1.8)	3.0 (2.3)
	M_RT(ms)	374 ± 5.1	377 ± 5.4	368 (368)	377 (373)
	SD_RT (ms)	86 ± 5.3	88 ± 4.7	77 (76)	88 (83)
20–50	EP (%)	1.9 ± 0.28	2.2 ± 0.36	2.0 (1.6)	2.7 (2.3)
	M_RT (ms)	368 ± 5.1	375 ± 5.8	367 (368)	372 (373)
	SD_RT (ms)	86 ± 5.1	95 ± 5.9	77 (75)	84 (83)
30–40	EP (%)	2.1 ± 0.35	2.4 ± 0.42	2.1 (1.9)	2.4 (2.1)
	M_RT (ms)	370 ± 5.4	374 ± 5.8	369 (369)	370 (371)
	SD_RT (ms)	91 ± 4.8	90 ± 5.2	79 (78)	81 (80)

Upper row of graphs: observed (filled and open circles) and predicted (continuous and dashed lines) bin means in the format of cumulative distribution functions for congruent (filled and continuous) and incongruent (open and dashed) conditions. Lower row of graphs: Observed (filled circles) delta plots with 95% confidence range (t distributions) and predicted delta plots (continuous lines). Above each column of graphs stimulus sizes are given.

Table 4

Observed and predicted results for Exp. 1; predicted results are those of Model B (predictions of Model A are in brackets).

		OBSERVED		PREDICTED
SOA (MS)		CONGRUENT	INCONGRUENT	CONGRUENT	INCONGRUENT
–200	EP (%)	5.4 ± 0.91	9.5 ± 1.23	3.4 (5.3)	10.6 (9.4)
	M_RT (ms)	550 ± 5.5	575 ± 6.8	549 (557)	567 (561)
	SD_RT (ms)	71 ± 4.1	67 ± 3.7	63 (60)	59 (60)
–100	EP (%)	4.9 ± 0.77	11.2 ± 1.47	3.5 (4.0)	12.4 (11.2)
	M_RT (ms)	462 ± 6.2	492 ± 6.6	461 (469)	487 (478)
	SD_RT (ms)	74 ± 4.1	66 ± 3.6	64 (56)	64 (56)
0	EP (%)	1.3 ± 0.44	3.2 ± 0.79	0.7 (0.3)	3.7 (3.2)
	M_RT (ms)	361 ± 5.5	387 ± 6.2	358 (360)	385 (385)
	SD_RT (ms)	71 ± 3.7	71 ± 5.2	59 (50)	63 (61)
+100	EP (%)	0.8 ± 0.35	2.5 ± 0.50	0.7 (0.6)	2.6 (2.8)
	M_RT (ms)	384 ± 6.9	410 ± 7.2	383 (385)	409 (409)
	SD_RT (ms)	65 ± 4.9	72 ± 4.2	60 (60)	67 (66)
+200	EP (%)	1.3 ± 0.40	2.4 ± 0.50	1.0 (0.9)	2.8 (2.6)
	M_RT (ms)	395 ± 6.0	413 ± 8.7	394 (393)	410 (412)
	SD_RT (ms)	73 ± 4.0	87 ± 4.7	68 (71)	80 (81)

Table 5

Observed and predicted results for Exp. 2; predicted results are those of Model B (predictions of Model A are in brackets).

		OBSERVED		PREDICTED
SOA (MS)		CONGRUENT	INCONGRUENT	CONGRUENT	INCONGRUENT
–300	EP (%)	7.1 ± 1.39	8.7 ± 1.38	5.9 (7.1)	8.9 (8.8)
	M_RT (ms)	656 ± 6.1	666 ± 7.3	656 (659)	663 (661)
	SD_RT (ms)	63 ± 3.1	70 ± 5.3	56 (53)	54 (54)
–150	EP (%)	6.3 ± 1.27	8.2 ± 1.15	4.9 (5.2)	9.3 (9.1)
	M_RT (ms)	518 ± 5.5	538 ± 7.3	521 (523)	530 (527)
	SD_RT (ms)	70 ± 5.2	63 ± 4.8	55 (51)	53 (50)
0	EP (%)	1.7 ± 0.43	6.1 ± 0.81	1.1 (0.5)	6.2 (6.3)
	M_RT (ms)	375 ± 6.8	403 ± 6.7	374 (373)	399 (398)
	SD_RT (ms)	64 ± 4.1	68 ± 4.1	51 (51)	54 (54)
+150	EP (%)	1.0 ± 0.26	2.0 ± 0.52	0.7 (0.5)	2.0 (1.8)
	M_RT (ms)	406 ± 7.9	422 ± 7.8	403 (402)	422 (420)
	SD_RT (ms)	67 ± 4.0	79 ± 5.7	57 (58)	79 (66)
+300	EP (%)	1.3 ± 0.35	1.0 ± 0.34	1.0 (1.1)	1.5 (1.8)
	M_RT (ms)	421 ± 10.2	421 ± 10.5	416 (417)	419 (419)
	SD_RT (ms)	75 ± 4.3	85 ± 4.6	63 (63)	67 (69)

upper and lower row of graphs: Observed and predicted bin means of Exp. 1 plotted as cumulative distribution functions. Filled and open circles show observed means in congruent and incongruent conditions for each SOA, continuous and dashed lines show predicted means of model A (upper row) and Model B (lower row) for congruent and incongruent conditions, respectively. Middle row of graphs: Observed delta plots (filled circles) with 95% confidence band and predicted delta plots by Model A (continuous line) and model B (dotted line).

upper and lower row of graphs: Observed and predicted bin means of Exp. 2 plotted as cumulative distribution functions. Filled and open circles show observed means in congruent and incongruent conditions for each SOA, continuous and dashed lines show predicted means of model A (upper row) and Model B (lower row) for congruent and incongruent conditions, respectively. Middle row of graphs: Observed delta plots (filled circles) with 95% confidence band and predicted delta plots by Model A (continuous line) and model B (dotted line).

Table 6

Exp. 1, Parameter estimates for Model B (in brackets for model A). Congruent and incongruent conditions differed only in the algebraic sign of ΔI_irr, positive values for congruent and negative values for incongruent conditions, respectively. Time parameters (δ, μ_D, w_D, μ_R, and w_R) are in seconds.

	SOA (MS)
PARAMETER	–200	-100	0	+100	+200
λ	.256 (.259)	.241 (.273)	.263 (.253)	.207 (.232)	.237 (.235)
β	.211 (.226)	.220 (.232)	.194 (.234)	.210 (.215)	.243 (.232)
σ_n	.184 (.199)	.202 (.203)	.222 (.234)	.257 (.266)	.235 (.258)
I_rel	1.172 (.721)	.946 (.719)	.941 (.807)	.790 (.779)	.709 (.725)
ΔI_irr	±.136 (.258)	±.151 (.242)	±.127 (±.221)	±.141 (±.185)	±.106 (±.094)
δ	.065 (.139)	.069 (.135)	.105 (.124)	.072 (.074)	.100 (.086)
μ_D	–.104 (–.095)	–.084 (–.095)	–.081 (–.081)	–.101 (–.085)	-.059 (-.103)
w_D	.170 (.131)	.194 (.121)	.240 (.132)	.215 (.227)	.203 (.219)
θ	1.271 (.447)	1.090 (.479)	1.074 (.736)	1.076 (.964)	1.011 (1.071)
μ_R	.202 (.197)	.224 (.206)	.185 (.185)	.218 (.224)	.214 (.208)
w_R	.076 (.140)	.090 (.124)	.081 (.107)	.093 (.049)	.119 (.103)
costs	9.6 (12.3)	8.5 (13.9)	7.5 (9.6)	3.0 (2.5)	4.0 (3.5)

Table 7

Exp. 2, Parameter estimates for Model B (in brackets for model A). Congruent and incongruent conditions differed only in the algebraic sign of ΔI_irr, positive values for congruent and negative values for incongruent conditions, respectively. Time parameters (δ, μ_D, w_D, μ_R, and w_R) are in seconds.

	SOA (MS)
PARAMETER	–300	–150	0	+150	+300
λ	.180 (.216)	.187 (.257)	.228 (.224)	.233 (.191)	.225 (.224)
β	.128 (.253)	.196 (.242)	.184 (.214)	.198 (.168)	.200 (.237)
σ_n	.153 (.245)	.160 (.205)	.217 (.217)	.247 (.251)	.241 (.238)
I_rel	1.215 (.726)	1.106 (.736)	.996 (.765)	.775 (.759)	.735 (.729)
ΔI_irr	.054 (.263)	.055 (.277)	.146 (.256)	.099 (.104)	.064 (.207)
δ	.068 (.136)	.075 (.119)	.097 (.103)	.078 (.104)	.145 (.122)
μ_D	–.120 (–.100)	–.110 (–.102)	–.098 (–.093)	–.096 (–.090)	-.082 (-.029)
w_D	.136 (.110)	.143 (.108)	.209 (.081)	.307 (.266)	.229 (.163)
θ	1.584 (.596)	1.216 (.437)	1.040 (.687)	1.019 (1.072)	1.013 (1.008)
μ_R	.198 (.172)	.221 (.211)	.209 (.190)	.241 (.231)	.244 (.242)
w_R	.084 (.091)	.101 (.112)	.057 (.117)	.083 (.078)	.110 (.096)
costs	5.4 (4.1)	8.5 (10.0)	4.3 (6.3)	3.1 (3.5)	4.7 (4.0)

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.252 | Journal eISSN: 2514-4820

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Language: English

Submitted on: May 11, 2022

Accepted on: Nov 25, 2022

Published on: Jan 13, 2023

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

Keywords:

Action and perception,

Mathematical modeling,

Response speed

© 2023 Herbert Heuer, Christian Seegelke, Peter Wühr, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 6 (2023): Issue 1

Staggered Onsets of Processing Relevant and Irrelevant Stimulus Features Produce Different Dynamics of Congruency Effects

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Figure 2

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Figure 3

Table 4

Table 5

Figure 4

Figure 5

Table 6

Table 7

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