Figure 1
Experiment 1: Trial sequences in SS1 (top) and SS2 (bottom). In each trial, participants are presented with one letter and need to respond to it using their right/left index finger. In addition, participants need to remember the letter that appeared in the most recent red frame, for a probed recall at the end of the sequence. Red/blue frames indicate the update/not-update conditions, respectively. Bubbles represent the content of WM in each trial. Each stimulus appeared on the screen until a response was indicated. The inter-trial interval was 500 ms.
Figure 2
RT by Updating for Experiments 1, 2, and 3. Dots connected by horizontal lines represent individual participants. The line color represents the slower condition for each participant. Red lines represent participants for which updating was slower than not-updating (namely, with an updating cost), whereas participants showing faster updating than not-updating (an updating benefit) are represented by blue lines. Horizontal black lines represent grand averages. Error bars represent within-subject confidence intervals. SS = Set-Size.
Figure 3
Experiment 3: Lag-2 repetition benefit was found in update trials, whereas no effect was observed in no-update trials. Horizontal black lines represent grand averages across participants. Error bars represent within-subject confidence intervals.