Figure 1
Trial structure: A repeat/switch target (100 ms) was followed by a blank screen response frame (1400 ms). Participants’ correct left/right responses contingently produced visual effects (orange vs. blue circle) on the spatially response-effect (R-E) compatible/incompatible left/right side of the screen (1st vs. 2nd half of the experiment) after a short versus long effect delay (200 vs. 800 ms). Each response was mapped to one effect colour and one effect delay (e.g., left response –> blue circle, 200 ms; right response –> orange circle, 800 ms). Trials were separated by a jittered intertrial interval (ITI). We assessed eye movements in the anticipatory interval between target offset and effect onset.
Figure 2
Manual reaction times (RTs) in A) Experiment 1 and C) Experiment 2 and error rates in B) Experiment 1 and D) Experiment 2 and displayed per response-effect (R-E) compatibility and effect delay condition. Error bars depict the 95% between-subject confidence interval of the mean.
Table 1
Linear Mixed Model Results per Experiment: Manual Reaction Time.
| MANUAL REACTION TIME (RT) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXPERIMENTS | EXPERIMENT 1 | EXPERIMENT 2 | ||||||||
| PREDICTORS | ESTIMATE | CI | SE | T | P | ESTIMATE | CI | SE | T | P |
| Intercept | 493.45 | 463.49–523.41 | 14.48 | 34.08 | <0.001 | 464.34 | 428.40–500.29 | 17.33 | 26.79 | <0.001 |
| Response-effect compatibility | 1.07 | –1.68–3.81 | 1.40 | 0.76 | 0.446 | –6.30 | –9.24–3.37 | 1.50 | –4.21 | <0.001 |
| effect delay | –2.95 | –7.31–1.40 | 2.10 | –1.40 | 0.174 | –1.63 | –6.69–3.43 | 2.44 | –0.67 | 0.504 |
| Response-effect compatibility × effect delay | 0.43 | –2.32–3.18 | 1.40 | 0.31 | 0.759 | 1.36 | –1.58–4.30 | 1.50 | 0.91 | 0.364 |
| Model | ||||||||||
| N Subject | 24 | 23 | ||||||||
| Observations | 8907 | 8445 | ||||||||
| Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.000/0.222 | 0.002/0.267 | ||||||||
| Deviance | 112412.343 | 107267.066 | ||||||||
[i] Note: CI indicates the 95% confidence interval and SE refers to standard error.
Converging model Experiment 1: RT ~ Response-effect compatibility * Effect delay + (Effect delay || Subject).
Converging model Experiment 2: RT ~ Response-effect compatibility * Effect delay + (Effect delay || Subject).
Table 2
Linear Mixed Model Results per Experiment: Manual Errors (0/1).
| ERROR | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXPERIMENTS | EXPERIMENT 1 | EXPERIMENT 2 | ||||||||
| PREDICTORS | OR | CI | SE | Z | P | OR | CI | SE | Z | P |
| Intercept | 0.03 | 0.03 – 0.04 | 0.00 | –28.40 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 0.03 – 0.05 | 0.01 | –21.73 | <0.001 |
| Response-effect compatibility | 0.91 | 0.79 – 1.06 | 0.07 | –1.23 | 0.219 | 0.96 | 0.84 – 1.11 | 0.07 | –0.50 | 0.616 |
| effect delay | 0.93 | 0.80 – 1.07 | 0.07 | –1.01 | 0.312 | 0.95 | 0.83 – 1.09 | 0.07 | –0.76 | 0.450 |
| Response-effect compatibility × effect delay | 1.05 | 0.94 – 1.17 | 0.06 | 0.86 | 0.388 | 0.97 | 0.88 – 1.07 | 0.05 | –0.58 | 0.563 |
| Model | ||||||||||
| N Subject | 24 | 23 | ||||||||
| Observations | 9365 | 8968 | ||||||||
| Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.005/0.047 | 0.001/0.056 | ||||||||
| Deviance | 2935.084 | 3199.983 | ||||||||
[i] Note: CI indicates confidence interval and SE refers to standard error.
Converging model Experiment 1: Error ~ Response-effect compatibility * Effect delay + (Response-effect compatibility | Subject) + (Effect delay|Subject).
Converging model Experiment 2: Error ~ Response-effect compatibility * Effect delay + (Response-effect compatibility | Subject) + (Effect delay|Subject).
Figure 3
Saccade-effect congruency (SEC; saccades towards the effect/all saccades) score in A) Experiment 1 and C) Experiment 2 and latency of the first effect-congruent saccade in B) Experiment 1 and D) Experiment 2 displayed per response-effect (R-E) compatibility and effect delay condition. Error bars depict the 95% between-subject confidence interval of the mean.
Table 3
Linear Mixed Model Results per Experiment: Saccade-Effect Congruency (SEC; 0/1).
| SACCADE EFFECT CONGRUENCY | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXPERIMENTS | EXPERIMENT 1 | EXPERIMENT 2 | ||||||||
| PREDICTORS | OR | CI | SE | Z | P | OR | CI | SE | Z | P |
| Intercept | 1.13 | 1.02 – 1.25 | 0.06 | 2.39 | 0.017 | 1.75 | 1.51 – 2.04 | 0.14 | 7.25 | <0.001 |
| Response-effect compatibility | 1.13 | 1.06 – 1.21 | 0.04 | 3.51 | <0.001 | 1.48 | 1.27 – 1.73 | 0.12 | 5.01 | <0.001 |
| effect delay | 0.99 | 0.93 – 1.06 | 0.03 | –0.21 | 0.837 | 1.01 | 0.91 – 1.13 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 0.864 |
| Response-effect compatibility × effect delay | 0.97 | 0.91 – 1.04 | 0.03 | –0.88 | 0.380 | 1.1 | 1.02 – 1.17 | 0.04 | 2.66 | 0.008 |
| Model | ||||||||||
| N Subject | 24 | 23 | ||||||||
| Observations | 3516 | 4260 | ||||||||
| Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.005/0.015 | 0.043/0.091 | ||||||||
| Deviance | 4827.508 | 5290.758 | ||||||||
[i] Note: CI indicates confidence interval and SE refers to standard error.
Converging model Experiment 1: SEC ~ Response-effect compatibility * Effect delay + (1 | Subject).
Converging model Experiment 2: SEC ~ Response-effect compatibility * Effect delay + (Response-effect compatibility | Subject) + (Effect delay | Subject).
Table 4
Linear Mixed Model Results per Experiment: Saccade Latency.
| SACCADE LATENCY | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EXPERIMENTS | EXPERIMENT 1 | EXPERIMENT 2 | ||||||||
| PREDICTORS | ESTIMATE | CI | SE | T | P | ESTIMATE | CI | SE | T | P |
| Intercept | 432.91 | 407.24 – 458.57 | 12.39 | 34.94 | <0.001 | 428.89 | 397.26–460.52 | 16.13 | 26.59 | <0.001 |
| Response-effect compatibility | –18.91 | –40.28 – 2.46 | 10.32 | –1.83 | 0.080 | –19.58 | –41.21–2.05 | 11.03 | –1.78 | 0.076 |
| effect delay | –110.20 | –129.06 – 91.33 | 9.10 | –12.11 | <0.001 | –84.18 | –106.52–61.83 | 11.40 | –7.39 | <0.001 |
| Response-effect compatibility × effect delay | 14.18 | 2.77 – 25.60 | 5.82 | 2.44 | 0.015 | 10.88 | 2.50–18.59 | 4.10 | 2.57 | 0.010 |
| Model | ||||||||||
| N Subject | 24 | 23 | ||||||||
| Observations | 2791 | 3780 | ||||||||
| Marginal R2/Conditional R2 | 0.126/0.130 | 0.111/0.171 | ||||||||
| Deviance | 39567.12 | 52181.490 | ||||||||
[i] Note: CI indicates the 95% confidence interval and SE refers to standard error.
Converging model Experiment 1: Saccade latency ~ Response-effect compatibility * Effect delay + (Response-effect compatibility || Subject) + (Effect delay || Subject).
Converging model Experiment 2: Saccade latency ~ Response-effect compatibility * Effect delay + (Effect delay || Subject).