Figure 1
Example stimuli to demonstrate manipulations of avatar-age, object congruence and angular disparity.
Figure 2
The red square represents 5° of visual angle from the centre of the screen. The target objects and avatar positions are located beyond the boundaries to encourage eye-movements.
Table 1
Means and standard deviations on all dependent measures for all conditions.
| INDEPENDENT VARIABLES | DEPENDENT VARIABLES | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ANGLE | OBJECT RELEVANCE | AGENT AGE | M (sd) RESPONSE TIME (ms) | M (sd) ACCURACY (%) | M (sd) TOTAL FIXATIONS | M (sd) PROPORTIONATE DWELL TIME | M (sd) AREA OF INTEREST TRANSITIONS |
| 45 | Relevant | Child | 1153 (630) | 98.0 (14.1) | 3.83 (1.88) | 65.2 (36.0) | 1.52 (0.54) |
| Adult | 1180 (568) | 97.6 (15.4) | 3.84 (1.70) | 64.8 (38.0) | 1.50 (0.51) | ||
| Irrelevant | Child | 1267 (643) | 98.3 (12.8) | 4.10 (1.85) | 61.2 (37.2) | 1.58 (0.52) | |
| Adult | 1170 (542) | 99.1 (9.56) | 3.80 (1.70) | 66.3 (34.2) | 1.55 (0.51) | ||
| 135 | Relevant | Child | 1642 (959) | 90.8 (29.0) | 4.80 (2.49) | 57.1 (36.1) | 1.62 (0.53) |
| Adult | 1650 (917) | 93.5 (24.7) | 4.68 (2.27) | 54.9 (38.9) | 1.59 (0.54) | ||
| Irrelevant | Child | 1678 (971) | 91.2 (28.3) | 4.77 (2.43) | 52.2 (38.4) | 1.64 (0.54) | |
| Adult | 1699 (942) | 91.5 (27.9) | 4.93 (2.49) | 57.2 (35.9) | 1.64 (0.51) | ||
Table 2
Results from Mixed Effects Logistic Regression on Accuracy Data and Linear Mixed Effects Analysis on Response Times.
| ACCURACY | RESPONSE TIMES | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ODDS RATIO | 95% CI | p | COEFFICIENTS | 95% CI | t-VALUE | p | |
| Fixed Effect: Angle | 0.09 | 0.03, 0.22 | <.001 | 544.13 | 465.94, 622.33 | 13.64 | <.001 |
| Fixed Effect: Avatar-age | 0.55 | 0.16, 1.67 | .289 | 86.91 | 10.62, 163.20 | 2.23 | 0.026 |
| Fixed Effect: Object Relevance | 0.37 | 0.11, 1.04 | .063 | 10.49 | –66.01, 86.99 | 0.27 | 0.788 |
| Interaction: Angle × Avatar-age | 1.69 | 0.50, 6.23 | .393 | –93.70 | –204.30, 16.89 | –1.66 | .097 |
| Interaction: Angle × Object Relevance | 3.64 | 1.13, 13.15 | .030 | –64.58 | –175.12, 45.95 | –1.15 | 0.252 |
| Interaction: Avatar-age × Object Relevance | 2.15 | 0.53, 9.43 | 0.277 | –112.14 | –220.34, –3.94 | –2.03 | 0.042 |
| Interaction: Angle × Avatar-age × Avatar-gender | 0.33 | 0.06, 1.63 | 0.161 | 124.28 | –32.10, 280.65 | 1.56 | 0.119 |
| (Intercept) | 219.84 | 87.33, 696.311 | <.001 | 1180.64 | 990.81, 1370.48 | 12.19 | <.001 |
Table 3
Results from Linear Mixed Effects Analysis on Number of Fixations, Area of Interest Transitions and Dwell Time Proportions.
| NUMBER OF FIXATIONS | AREA OF INTEREST TRANSITIONS | DWELL TIME PERCENTAGE | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COEFFICIENTS | 95% CI | t-VALUE | p | COEFFICIENTS | 95% CI | t-VALUE | p | COEFFICIENTS | 95% CI | t-VALUE | p | |
| Fixed Effect: Angle | 1.17 | 0.96, 1.37 | 11.21 | <.001 | .09 | 0.04, 0.14 | 3.53 | <.001 | –9.77 | –14.34, –5.19 | –4.19 | <.001 |
| Fixed Effect: Avatar-age | 0.26 | 0.06, 0.45 | 2.53 | .012 | 0.02 | –0.03, 0.07 | 0.77 | .444 | –5.56 | –10.05, –1.07 | –2.43 | .015 |
| Fixed Effect: Object Relevance | 0.03 | –0.17, 0.22 | 0.26 | .798 | –0.05 | –0.10, 0.0001 | 2.03 | .043 | –1.79 | –6.29, 2.71 | –0.78 | 0.44 |
| Interaction: Angle × Avatar-age | .040 | –0.69, 0.11 | 2.72 | .007 | –0.03 | –0.10, 0.05 | 0.68 | 0.495 | –0.06 | –6.53, 6.41 | –0.02 | 0.99 |
| Interaction: Angle × Object Relevance | .027 | –0.56, 0.02 | 1.83 | .067 | 0.003 | –0.07, 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.933 | –0.41 | –6.88, 6.06 | –0.12 | 0.90 |
| Interaction: Avatar-age × Object Relevance | .026 | –0.54, 0.02 | 1.83 | .068 | .004 | –0.07, 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.907 | 5.53 | –0.83, 11.90 | –1.71 | 0.09 |
| Interaction: Angle × Avatar-age × Avatar-gender | 0.54 | 0.14, 0.95 | 2.62 | .009 | .04 | –0.07, 0.14 | 0.67 | .501 | 1.46 | –7.68, 10.61 | 0.31 | 0.75 |
| (Intercept) | 3.83 | 3.36, 4.31 | 15.82 | <.001 | 1.55 | 1.44, 1.67 | 27.19 | <.001 | 66.38 | 58.16, 74.60 | 15.84 | <.001 |
Figure 3
Bar plot depicting response times of all conditions. Error bars = 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 4
Bar plot depicting accuracy as a percentage for all conditions. Error bars = 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 5
Bar plot depicting the three-way interaction between avatar-age and object-relevance on number of fixations. Error bars = 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 6
Bar plot depicting dwell time percentages for all conditions. Error bars = 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 7
Bar plot depicting area of interest transitions for all conditions. Error bars = 95% confidence intervals.