Smoking as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Females and Males: Observational and Mendelian Randomisation Analyses in the UK Biobank
Authors
Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht
Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Economics, Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck
Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht
patrick.rockenschaub@i-med.ac.at
Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Economics, Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck
UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht
Institute of Clinical Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Economics, Medical Statistics and Informatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck; Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, AT; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
H.M.denRuijter-2@umcutrecht.nl
Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht
Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, NL; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health, University College London, London, UK; Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL; UCL British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London
Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, NL; The George Institute for Global Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.1485 | Journal eISSN: 2211-8179
Language: English
Submitted on: Feb 3, 2025
Accepted on: Sep 26, 2025
Published on: Oct 13, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year
© 2025 Sophie C. de Ruiter, Lena Tschiderer, Diederick E. Grobbee, Patrick Rockenschaub, Ynte M. Ruigrok, Peter Willeit, Hester M. den Ruijter, A. Floriaan Schmidt, Sanne A. E. Peters, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.