Table 1
Characteristics of study population in observational analysis.
| CHARACTERISTICS | NO. OF NON-MISSING VALUES IN FEMALES | FEMALES (n = 261,920) | NO. OF NON-MISSING VALUES IN MALES | MALES (n = 206,918) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 261,920 | 56.1 (8.0) | 206,918 | 56.2 (8.2) |
| Ethnicity | 260,714 | 205,570 | ||
| White | 246,775 (94.2) | 194,382 (93.9) | ||
| Other* | 13,909 (5.3) | 111,70 (5.4) | ||
| Smoking status | 260,514 | 205,697 | ||
| Never smoker | 156,428 (59.7) | 103,982 (50.3) | ||
| Former smoker | 81,109 (31.0) | 76,082 (36.8) | ||
| Current smoker | 22,977 (8.8) | 25,633 (12.4) | ||
| Number of cigarettes smoked daily in current smokers | 17,309 | 15 [10, 20] | 15,710 | 15 [10, 20] |
| Cigarettes smoked per day in current or former smokers | 68,730 | 65,131 | ||
| 1–5 | 6,421 (2.5) | 3,420 (1.7) | ||
| 6–15 | 32,463 (12.4) | 24,593 (11.9) | ||
| 16–25 | 24,527 (9.4) | 28,310 (13.7) | ||
| 26–35 | 3,542 (1.4) | 6,605 (3.2) | ||
| ≥36 | 1,797 (0.7) | 5,633 (2.7) | ||
| Socioeconomic status | 261,606 | 206,649 | ||
| Townsend deprivation index score | –2.17 [–3.6, 0.4] | –2.17 [–3.7, 0.5] | ||
| Townsend deprivation thirds | ||||
| Low (≥1.40) | 49,097 (18.7) | 40,676 (19.7) | ||
| Middle (≥–2.08 – <1.40) | 78,601 (30.0) | 60,374 (29.2) | ||
| High (<–2.08) | 133,908 (51.1) | 105,599 (51.0) | ||
| Outcomes (first occurrence after study entry) | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 19,076 (7.3) | 28,768 (13.9) | ||
| Coronary heart disease | 14,450 (5.5) | 23,458 (11.3) | ||
| Myocardial infarction | 3,192 (1.2) | 6,820 (3.3) | ||
| Stroke | 4,626 (1.8) | 5,310 (2.6) | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | 3,392 (1.3) | 4,388 (2.1) | ||
| Intracerebral haemorrhage | 709 (0.3) | 664 (0.3) | ||
| Subarachnoid haemorrhage | 525 (0.2) | 258 (0.1) |
[i] Numbers are presented as mean (standard deviation), median [25th, 75th percentile], or number (percentage). *Includes Asian or Asian British, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, any other Asian background, Chinese, black or black British, Caribbean, African, any other black background, other ethnic group, white and black Caribbean, white and black African, white and Asian, and any other mixed background.
Figure 1
Cox regression and Mendelian randomisation analysis of the association between ever smoking and risk of cardiovascular events in females, males, and the overall population.
MR estimates are from inverse-variance weighted MR, and ORs can be interpreted as the effect per unit increase in log odds of genetic liability to ever smoking. MR analyses were performed in 337,386 UK Biobank participants. Cox regressions were performed in 468,838 UK Biobank participants and were adjusted for sex and Townsend deprivation index (an area-based measure of socioeconomic status), including an interaction term between Townsend deprivation index and sex. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MR, Mendelian randomisation; OR, odds ratio; RHR, ratio of hazard ratios; ROR, ratio of odds ratios.
Figure 2
Cox regression and Mendelian randomisation analysis of the association between smoking continuation and risk of cardiovascular events in females, males, and the overall population.
MR estimates are from inverse-variance weighted MR, and ORs can be interpreted as the effect per unit increase genetic liability to smoking continuation among ever smokers. MR analyses were performed in 337,386 UK Biobank participants. Cox regressions were performed in 468,838 UK Biobank participants and were adjusted for sex and Townsend deprivation index (an area-based measure of socioeconomic status), including an interaction term between Townsend deprivation index and sex. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MR, Mendelian randomisation; OR, odds ratio; RHR, ratio of hazard ratios; ROR, ratio of odds ratios.
Figure 3
Cox regression and Mendelian randomisation analysis of the association between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and risk of cardiovascular events in females, males, and the overall population.
The variable representing the number of cigarettes smoked per day was categorised into the following categories: 1 = 1–5, 2 = 6–15, 3 = 16–25, 4 = 26–35, 5 = 36+ and was analysed as a continuous variable. MR estimates are from inverse-variance weighted MR, and ORs can be interpreted as the effect per category increase of genetically proxied number of cigarettes smoked per day among ever smokers. MR analyses were performed in 337,386 UK Biobank participants. Cox regressions were performed in 468,838 UK Biobank participants and were adjusted for sex and Townsend deprivation index (an area-based measure of socioeconomic status), including an interaction term between Townsend deprivation index and sex. CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MR, Mendelian randomisation; OR, odds ratio; RHR, ratio of hazard ratios; ROR, ratio of odds ratios.